Ch 19 Reproductive System
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Created by:
DrDavila Plus on April 25, 2012
Subjects:
BIO104: Human Anatomy & Physiology II
Description:
Dr Davila
Medical Careers Institute, ECPI University
Human Anatomy & Physiology II
BIO 104
Classes:
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72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 gonads | reproductive organs |
| gametes | sex cells |
| ovum | female gamete made by ovaries; contain 23 chromosomes; aka egg |
| ovaries | female gonads; produce ova and secrete the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone (also inhibin) |
| testes | male gonads; produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones testosterone and inhibin |
| spermatozoa | male gametes made by testes; contain 23 chromosomes; aka sperm |
| fertilization | fusion of male and female gametes; creates a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| embryo | developing human organism from 1 week after fertilization through 2 months |
| pathway of sperm | testis→epididymis→ductus deferencs→ejaculatory duct→urethra |
| epididymis | organ in scrotum on top of testis; stores sperm, and they mature here |
| scrotum | external sac containing the testes |
| ductus deferens | muscular tube from epididymis to ejaculatory duct; conducts sperm outward |
| ejaculatory duct | tube through which semen enters the male urethra |
| urethra | carries urine from bladder out of body; in males, conducts semen out of body |
| male accessory organs | seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands: all these glands secrete seminal fluid |
| semen | thick fluid containing sperm and seminal fluids from male reproductive system; aka ejaculate |
| penis | male organ that transfers sperm into female vagina; carries urine out of body; 3 parts are root, body (shaft), and glans |
| glans penis | tip, or head, of penis |
| prepuce | foreskin; loose skin that covers the glans penis; may be removed by circumcision |
| testosterone | main adrogen, or male sex hormone, secreted by the testicles; stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics (hair, voice, bones, etc) |
| spermatogenesis | production of sperm |
| mitosis | cell division; daughter cells contain same number of chromosomes as mother cell: 46 |
| meiosis | sex-cell division; daughter cells contain half the chromosomes as mother cell: 23 |
| sperm anatomy | head: covered by acrosome containing 23 chromosomes middle piece: mitochondria tail: flagellum |
| acrosome | anterior process of sperm; produces enzymes to penetrate the egg; aka acrosomal cap |
| flagellum | long, whiplike structure that propels a cell forward; in humans,only found in sperm |
| gonadtropin-releasing hormone | chemical signal released into the blood from hypothalamus; stimulates the release of gonadotropins FSH and LH; aka GnRH |
| follicle stimulating hormone | chemical signal released into the blood from anterior pituitary; stimulates development of gametes (ovum or sperm); aka FSH |
| luteinizing hormone | chemical signal released into the blood from anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males; aka LH |
| female reproductive system functions | 1. Produces sex hormones and gametes 2. Protects/supports embryo 3. Nourish infant |
| pathway of ovum | ovary→uterine tube→uterus→vagina→external genitalia |
| uterine tube | cilia-lined tube, which transports oocyte from ovary to uterus; where ovum is fertilized; aka oviduct or Fallopian tube |
| oogenesis | ovum prodcution; begins before birth, accelerates at puberty, ends at menopause |
| atresia | degeneration of primordial follicles, which contain primary oocytes |
| oocyte | immature egg cell |
| ovarian cycle | monthly hormone-induced changes in which ovaries prepare and release an oocyte; divided into follicular phase and luteal phase |
| follicular phase | phase of ovarian cycle when follicles in the ovary grow and develop oocyte; caused by FSH |
| luteal phase | phase of the menstrual cycle beginning with ovulation and subsequent corpus luteum formation; ends with end of menstruation; caused by LH |
| follicle | cluster of cells that surround, protect, and nourish a developing oocyte cell in an ovary; secrete estrogen |
| corpus luteum | follicle after ovulation; secretes progesterone; "empty follicle" |
| fetus | embryo from 9 weeks after conception/fertilization until birth |
| fundus | rounded superior portion of the uterus |
| cervix | neck-like opening inferior portion of uterus |
| perimetrium | thin outer tissue layer that covers the surface of the uterus |
| myometrium | middle, muscle tissue layer of the uterus |
| endometrium | inner mucous membrane layer that lines inside of uterus; zygote implants here |
| menses | degeneration of the functional zone (innermost lining) of the endometrium |
| menstruation | process of endometrial sloughing, lasting 1-7 days |
| menarche | first uterine cycle |
| menopause | termination of uterine cycles |
| amenorrhea | lack of menses; may be primary (never started) or transient (skipped a month of more) |
| vagina | muscular and vascular mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to exterior of body; eliminates menstrual fluids, receives sperm during intercourse, and forms inferior portion of birth canal |
| hymen | elastic epithelial fold that partially blocks the vagina |
| vulva | area containing external genitalia; aka pudendum |
| vestibule | central space bounded by small folds (labia minora) |
| clitoris | female sexual organ homologous to the penis |
| mons pubis | mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women |
| labia majora | two outer folds of the vulva |
| lactation | secreting milk to nourish an infant |
| nipple | on each breast; contains ducts from mammary glands to surface |
| areola | reddish-brown skin around each nipple |
| mammary gland | modified sweat glands in female mammals, produce and secrete milk through ducts |
| lactiferous duct | collects milk from several mammary gland ducts and carries it to nipple |
| estrogen | female sex hormone; stimulates female secondary characteristics; prepares uterus for fertilization; initiates endometrium repair; maintains pregnancy and milk production |
| coitus | sexual intercourse or copulation; introduces semen into female reproductive tract |
| erection | penis stiffened when engorged with blood; |
| emission | subphase of male orgasm; movement of semen into the urethra ejaculation |
| ejaculation | rhythmic contractions that cause the expulsion of semen from the urethra |
| orgasm | intense pleasurable sensations accompanied by strong rhythmic contractions of pelvic floor muscles and reproductive tract organs |
| detumescence | when erectile tissue subsides after orgasm |
| impotence | male sexual dysfunction; inability to get or keep an erection |
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