Bio test 3
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Created by:
nconaty1510 on April 25, 2012
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92 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 DNA polymerase | . ______is an enzyme that forms new DNA by linking together a string of deoxyribonucleotides, using single-stranded DNA as a template |
| electrophoresis | ______is a method for separating a mixture of molecules (in a gel matrix placed in an electric field) according to their electric charge, size, and shape |
| Plasmid | ______is a tiny, circular molecule of nonchromosomal DNA found in bacteria and used as a vector for transferring genes from one cell to another. |
| Reverse transcriptase | _______is a retrovirus polymerase enzyme for "backward" transcription, that is, making DNA from an RNA template |
| RNA polymerase | ________is an enzyme that forms RNA by linking together a string of ribonucleotides in a sequence complementary to that of a single-stranded DNA template. |
| Southern Blot | ________is a technique of molecular biology in which pieces of single-stranded separated DNA segments are transferred from a gel to a nitrocellulose filter and then treated with a radioactive probe to identify the DNA segment of interest |
| Northern Blot | _________is a technique of molecular biology in which total mRNA from cells are separated on a gel and are transferred from the gel to a nitrocellulose filter and then treated with a radioactive probe to identify the mRNA of interest. |
| PCR | ________is a method for amplifying DNA segments |
| DNA ligase | Which enzyme is responsible for covalently linking DNA strands together? |
| Somatic cell | C. Dolly was cloned from an adult __________ |
| organism | A cloned library of an entire genome contains all the genes of an _________ |
| vitamin A deficiency | "Golden" rice are transgenic crops that have been genetically engineered to produce elevated levels of beta-carotene in order to help prevent______ |
| Short Tandem Repeats | used for DNA fingerprinting, repeated sequences present in the human genome, and highly variable in copy number |
| single nucleotide polymorphism | Which technique would most likely be used to screen human populations in an effort to determine if there is a correlation between a gene with a specific mutation and a human disease? |
| expressed sequence tags | Which technique would most likely be used to screen the Computer DNA Data Base for discovery of genes that code for cell membrane proteins (signaling proteins)? |
| RT/PCR/DNA array | Which technique would most likely be used to screen total message RNA (mRNA) from normal cells versus cancer cells in an effort to identify genes associated with cancer? |
| 5 | less than _% of DNA encodes genetic information |
| genes | A comparison of expressed genes and proteins show that there are more proteins than _____ |
| RFLP/Southern blotting | Which technique(s) would most likely be used for prenatal testing and diagnosis of sickle cell anemia gene? |
| initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis | Chemical carcinogens, such as the multitude of carcinogens in cigarettes, can cause cancer by a pathway designated as: |
| Cancers | _____are clonal in origin, exhibit chromosomal abnormalities, exhibit unlimited cell proliferation, and accumulate multiple mutations |
| 5-10 | Hereditary cancers account for _______% of all cancers |
| tumor suppressor gene | Hereditary retinoblastoma results from deletion of _________ |
| Benign Tumor | noncancerous growths that do not spread to other tissues |
| Metastasis | ________ refers to the process in which tumor cells detach and move to secondary sites |
| proto-oncogene | A ________ is a gene that normally functions to promote cell division and survival |
| breast cancer | The cancer with the highest incidence in women is ________ |
| Lung cancer | The cancer with the highest death rate in women is ________ |
| benzo(A)pyrene (and metabolites) from tobacco | The most potent carcinogen known to humans is __________ |
| Immune response system | The _________________ provides defense against pathogens, exhibits specificity, and can distinguish between self and nonself |
| IgE | Which class of antibody (immunoglobulin, Ig) causes allergic reactions? |
| Ig Antibodies | _______ have two flexible Fab regions with both regions having specificity to the same antigenic site and have a single Fc region which can be involved in secondary immune responses |
| Bone Marrow | B and T lymphoid cells originate in __________, migrate to thymus and bursa-like tissues where they differentiate into functional cells |
| IgG | Which class of antibody (immunoglobulin) can cross the placenta? |
| cytotoxic T cells | The cell type that has the role in recognizing and destroying altered self is _________ |
| B | A person of blood type B could receive whole blood from a person with blood type ______ |
| all | A person of blood type AB could receive red blood cells from persons with blood type ____ |
| AB | A person of blood type AB could receive plasma from persons with blood type ____ |
| all | A person with blood type O could give red blood cells to persons with blood type ___ |
| all | A person with blood type AB could give plasma to persons with blood type ____ |
| IgA | Which immunoglobulin (antibody) is found in body secretions such as saliva and milk? |
| Female = Rh-/- Male = Rh+/+ | Which marriage can be described as "Rh incompatible"? |
| Blood type AB | A child is blood type 0. The mother is blood type O. Blood types of four males are listed below. In a question of paternity, which blood type will definitively rule out one male as being the father of this child? |
| IgM | If an activated B cell does not get help from T helper cells, the antibody class secreted will be ____ |
| 1-10 | Approximately ____% of cancers (breast cancer as an example but also true for other cancers) are inherited as germ line genes, that is, mutation of a single gene results in breast cancer. |
| IgG | Desensitization to an allergen involves injection of the allergen beneath the skin of the allergic individual to induce production of which of the following immunoglobulins? |
| lung cancer | The highest mortality (death) from cancer in U. S. males is ______ |
| aging | The greatest risk factor for developing cancer (using breast cancer as an example, but true for most other cancers) is _____ |
| RFLP | Which technique would be best to use in forensics? |
| metastases | Cancer cells that leave a primary tumor site and form tumors at distant sites are called _____ |
| tumor suppressor gene | The Retinoblastoma gene (Rb) is an example of a |
| breast cancer | Women who inherit mutations in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes are at high risk for developing _________ |
| proto-oncogene | A _________ is a gene that normally functions to promote cell growth/cell proliferation/cell survival |
| cellular | Helper-T cells, memory T cells, and suppressor T cells belong to the ______ immune branch |
| multiple sclerosis | Which autoimmune disease/disorder is associated with destruction of the myelin sheath? |
| microorganisms | An attenuated vaccine is composed of living, weakened ____________ |
| DNA polymerase | A key discovery that made the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) possible is heat stable _________ |
| beta-carotene | "Golden rice" is an example of a genetically modified food. Golden rice is generated by becoming modified so endosperm express genes controlling enzymes that convert precursors into ________ |
| southern blotting | A method for analyses of DNA fragments by electrophoresis using a gel matrix is called: __________ |
| DNA fingerprinting | If one could choose a single technique to determine paternity of a child? Which technique would be the most revealing? |
| lupus | Which autoimmune disease is associated with immune complex accumulation in the kidneys? |
| cDNA | you can clone mRNA using PCR by converting mRNA to ____ using reverse transcriptase then conduct PCR reaction |
| IgG | The class of immunoglobulin (antibody) involved in Rh incompatibility is ___ |
| DNA fingerprinting | A method for identifying individuals by using the unique electrophoretic banding patterns generated by DNA probes for highly polymorphic repeated DNA sequences is called |
| DNA ligase | Which enzyme is responsible for covalently linking DNA strands together? |
| Biopharming | making human proteins in animals making human proteins in plants making human vaccines in plants making human insulin in cow milk are examples of ____ |
| blocked | How would the cell cycle be affected if the Rb protein was permanently phosphorylated? The cell cycle would never be ____ |
| Restriction enzyme | __________ recognize specific nucleotide sequences in DNA cut both strands of DNA often produce single-stranded tails |
| autoimmunity | An immune reaction to self is called _______ |
| vitamin A | Golden rice would benefit individuals who have a deficiency in ____ that is associated with impaired immune response system and night blindness |
| DNA microarray (DNA chip) | Which technique would be best to compare global gene expression in normal versus cancer cells? |
| bacteria | To obtain adequate DNA, a human gene ligated into a plasmid is typically amplified using ______ |
| breaks gas | tumor-suppressor genes are the _____ while oncogenes are the ___ |
| anaphylaxis | A type of life-threatening immediate hypersensitivity reaction that inhibits breathing is called ________ |
| AB | An individual of blood type AB could receive whole blood from the following individuals |
| T helper cells | HIV virus is responsible for AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The HIV virus infects and destroys ____ |
| p53 | ___ mutation leading to loss of function causing the cell to divide constantly because of the loss of cell cycle repression |
| IgG | The antibody that expresses enhanced levels after multiple immunizations with a foreign substance such as polio virus is called: ___ |
| MHC B7 | Way(s) in which tumor cells evade elimination by cytotoxic T cells (Tc) is/are: down regulation of ___ class 1 and down regulation of __ |
| self altered self | For cytotoxic T cells to kill cancer cells, they must recognize __ and ______ |
| 16 | Cloning in cattle is done by dividing a __-cell embryo into __ separate cells, each allowed to form 16-cell embryosand then implanted into surrogate mothers. |
| p53 | An example of a cell cycle check point gene that is mutated in approximately 60% of cancers is: |
| genomic | Clones in a ______library are identified by hybridizing them with a fluorescent labeled probe |
| Malignant tumor | Cancerous growth |
| Epithelial cells | source of about 80% of all cancers - cells living on the surface of the body that divide more or less continuously throughout their lives |
| Signal Transduction | A cellular molecular pathway by which an external signal is converted into a functional response, produce changes in gene expression, leading to cell division |
| ras proto-oncogene family | group of related genes that encodes signal-transduction proteins. Mutations at amino acid 12 or 61 cause the formation of an oncoprotein that permanently signals for cell division |
| HNPCC | An autosomal dominant trait associated with genomic instability of microsatellite DNA sequences and a form of colon cancer (failures in DNA repair) |
| Leukemia | cancer involving uncontrolled division of white blood cells |
| Philadelphia Chromosome | An abnormal chromosome produced by translocation of parts of the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22 |
| Cancer genome atlas | an international effort to use new technology to catalog and understand the genetic changes associated with cancer and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer |
| 15 | viral infections lead to __% of all cancers |
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