Biology EOC Review

Terms	Definitions
activation energy	energy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes
active transport	movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by the cell
adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
allele	the different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive
amino acid	basic building blocks of proteins
analogous structures	structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in form or function
anaphase	the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
antibiotic	compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
antibody	a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a pathogen that has entered the body
antigen	substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
archaea	domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
ATP	a nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells
autotroph	organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer
bacteria	domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans
bacteriophage	virus that infects bacteria
base deletion	mutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein
base insertion	mutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein
base-pair substitution	a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are replaced by another pair of nucleotides
behavioral adaptation	an inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from predators or find a mate
binary fission	asexual reproduction in prokaryotes by which one cell divides into two identical cells
fetus	an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal
fever	a rise in the temperature of the body
fitness	the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
food chain	a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
food web	a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
fossil	the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil
gamete	egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes (haploid), one from each homologous pair
gene	sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
binomial nomenclature	Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name including the genus and species
biodiversity	the variety of different species in a given area
biogeochemical cycle	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another; like the carbon and nitrogen cycle
biomass	the total amount of living matter within a given trophic level
capsid	the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
carbohydrate	organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbon cycle	the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
carnivore	a consumer that only eats other consumers
catalyst	substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme
cell	basic unit of life
cell cycle	the cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
cell division	the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
cell membrane	The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell
cell wall	a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; made of carbohydrates
cellular respiration	process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
centriole	organize the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis
centromere	area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
chlorophyll	green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
chloroplast	organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
chromatid	one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
gradualism	a model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity
guard cell	Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.
habitat	the place where an organism lives
haploid number	half the normal number of chromosomes; found in sex cells
herbivore	consumer that eats only producers; also called a primary consumer
heterozygous	having two different alleles for a trait
homeostasis	process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
chromosome	condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide
climax community	a relatively stable long-lasting community reached in a successional series
codon	in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid
commensalism	symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
competition	the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
concentration gradient	difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane
conclusion	a summary of what you have learned from an experiment
consumer	an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
crossing over	exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm
cytoplasm	a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
data	information gathered from observations
decomposer	organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter
deforestation	the removal of trees
differentiation	process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
diffusion	the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; passive
dihybrid cross	genetic cross using two traits with two alleles each
diploid number	cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present
disturbance	A discrete event that disrupts an ecosystem or community. Examples of natural disturbances include fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods. Examples of human-caused disturbances include deforestation, overgrazing, and plowing.
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
kingdom	large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla
learned behavior	a behavior an animal learns from its parents
lipid	macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
lysosome	cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
macromolecule	any large complex organic molecule
meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
mRNA	messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
metaphase	second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
domain	Most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom
dominant	trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present
double helix	two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA
ecological succession	gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance
ecosystem	living and nonliving things in an environment, together with their interactions
egg	Female sex cell
embryo	organism in its early stage of development
embryology	study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms
endocytosis	process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane; active transport
endoplasmic reticulum	a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
energy pyramid	a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web
enzyme	protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
equilibrium	When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution
eukaryote	A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eutrophication	rapid growth of algae in bodies of water, due to high levels of nitrogen and often phosphate
evolution	the gradual change in a species over time
exocytosis	process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell; active transport
experiment	the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation
facilitated diffusion	movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; passive transport
fertilization	the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell
nucleic acid	a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides; DNA and RNA
nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleus	a part of the cell containing DNA responsible for growth and reproduction
omnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
organ	a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
organ system	group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
organelle	a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
organism	a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
gene flow	movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
gene pool	all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population
generation	one step in the line of descent of a family
genetic recombination	new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis
genetics	the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
genome	the complete genetic material contained in an individual
genotype	genetic makeup of an organism; like BB, Bb, or bb
genus	taxonomic group containing one or more species
geology	science dealing with the earth's history as recorded in rocks
geotropism	response to the earth's gravity, as the growing of roots downward in the ground
glycolysis	first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
golgi body	a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and transports them out of the cell
pollution	Release of harmful materials into the environment
predation	an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism
primary consumer	consumer that feeds directly on producers
primary succession	the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist
producer	an organism that can make its own food
prokaryote	A unicellular organism that LACKS a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
recessive	The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism.
replication	(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
reproductive isolation	separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
resistance	the degree of unresponsiveness of a disease-causing microorganism to antibiotics or other drugs (as in penicillin-resistant bacteria)
response	a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some stimulus or agent
ribosome	An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins
RNA	ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins
secondary consumer	consumer that eats primary consumers
spindle	tiny fibers that are seen in cell division
stimulus	a signal to which an organism responds
stomata	Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
homologous chromosomes	Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content
homologous structures	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
homozygous	having two identical alleles for a trait
hormone	substance produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism
hydrotropism	a plants growth response to water; plant grows towards the water
hypertonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
hypotonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
independent assortment	the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
infectious disease	A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.
instinct	a behavior that an organism inherits
isotonic	when the concentration of two solutions is the same
keystone species	a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
secondary succession	succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil
seed	a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat
selectively permeable	a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
somatic cell	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.
speciation	the formation of new species as a result of evolution
species	taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
structural adaptation	a physical feature of an organism's body having a specific function that contributes to the survival of the organism
substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.
symbiosis	relationship in which two species live closely together
taxonomy	a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc
telophase	the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
theory	well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
thigmotropism	plant growth in response to touch
transpiration	loss of water from a plant through its leaves
trophic level	feeding level in an ecosystem
tropism	the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus
vaccine	substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity
mitochondria	cellular organelles where cellular respiration occurs
mitosis	part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
monohybrid cross	a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked
mutagen	physical or chemical agent that causes mutations
mutation	change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
mutualism	symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
natural resource	materials found in nature that are used by living things
natural selection	process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
negative feedback	mechanism of homeostasis that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rate or output
niche	the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)
nitrogen cycle	the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere
nuclear membrane	controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
tissue	group of similar cells that perform a particular function
toxin	a poison that can harm an organism
trait	a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
transcription	process where the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
tRNA	transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
translation	decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
vacuole	cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
variation	differences between organisms
vascular tissue	tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in plants
vestigial structure	parts of an organism that are no longer functioning and do not affect survival
virus	package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat that must use a host cell's machinery to reproduce itself
xylem	the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in plants
zygote	fertilized egg
osmosis	diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
parasitism	symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it
passive transport	The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
pathogen	disease-causing agent
phenotype	physical characteristics of an organism; like green eyes, bushy tail or sleek tail
phloem	the vascular tissue through which food moves in plants
photosynthesis	process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates
phototropism	Plant growth in response to light
phylogenetic tree	diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree
phylogeny	The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms
pioneer species	first species to populate an area during primary succession
pollination	transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant
prophase	first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
protein	macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes
protein synthesis	the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
protist	single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom
punctuated equilibrium	pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
Punnett square	a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

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