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Public speaking Differs from casual interaction in two primary ways (1) public speeches tend to involve more planning and preparation that informal conversations (2) public speaking is less interactive; speakers must learn to adapt to audience's feedback Speech to entertain The primary objective is to engage, interest, amuse, or please listeners Speech to inform The primary goal of increasing listeners' understanding, awareness, or knowledge of some topic Speech to persuade Aims to change listeners' attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors or to motivate them to take some action; persuasive goals are to influence attitudes, to change practices, and to alter beliefs Credibility Exists when listeners believe in a speaker and trust what the speaker says; based on listeners' perceptions of a speaker's position, authority, knowledge (expertise), dynamism, and trustworthiness (character) Initial credibility Exists when listeners believe in a speaker and trust what the speaker says; based on listeners' perceptions of a speaker's position, authority, knowledge (expertise), dynamism, and trustworthiness (character) Derived credibility Listeners grant as a result of how speakers communicate during presentation, may be earned by providing clear, well-organized information and convincing evidence Terminal credibility Is a cumulative combination of initial and derived credibility; may be greater or less than initial credibility, depending on how effectively a speaker has communicated Select a topic A topic speakers care about, appropriate to listeners, to situation, and are limited in scope Speaking purpose Define your general and specific purposes; generally purpose is to entertain, inform, or persuade Specific purpose Is exactly what you want to accomplish Thesis statement The most important sentence in a speech that states the main idea of the entire speech, guides an effective speech, summarizes the focus of each speech Introduction Gains listeners' attention, give them a reason to listen, establish the credibility of the speaker, state the thesis, provide them a motive to listen Body Develops that thesis by organizing content into points that are distinct yet related Chronological patterns Organize ideas chronologically, emphasize progression, sequences, or development Spatial patterns Organize ideas according to physical relationships, useful in explaining layouts, geographic relationships, or connections between parts of a system Topical patterns Order speech content into categories or areas; pattern useful for speeches in which topic break down into two or three areas that aren't related temporally, spatially, or otherwise Star structure Is a variation on the topical pattern has several main points that are related and work together to develop the main idea of a speech Wave patterns Feature repetitions; each "wave" repeats the main theme with variations or extensions Comparative patterns Feature repetitions; each "wave" repeats the main theme with variations or extensions Problem-solution patterns Allow speakers to describe a problem and propose a solution Cause-effect patterns Order speech content into two main points: cause and effect, structure is useful for persuasive speeches that aim to convince listeners that certain consequences will follow from particular actions Motivated sequence pattern Effective in diverse communication situations, because follows natural order of human though, includes: attention step (focuses listeners' attention), need step (show problem actually exists), satisfactory step (speaker recommends a solution), visualization (intensifies listeners' commitment to solution by helping them imagine results that the recommended solution would achieve), action step (speaker appeals to listeners to take concrete action to realize the recommended solution) Conclusion Speaker's last chance to emphasize ideas, increase credibility, and gain the listeners' support or approval; accomplishes (1) summarizes the main ideas of the speech (2) leave listeners with a memorable final idea Transitions Words, phrases, and sentences that connect ideas in a speech; signals listeners that you have finished talking about one idea and are ready to move to the next one Evidence Is material used to support claims, may enhance listeners' interest and emotional response to ideas, most important function is to (1) used to make ideas clearer, more compelling and more dramatic (2) fortifies a speaker's opinions (3) heightens speaker's credibility, will come across as informed and well prepared; effectiveness of evidence depends directly on whether listeners understand and accept it, reinforces importance of adapting to listeners; can be statistics, examples, comparisons, and quotations Halo effect People are well known in one area, are quoted in an area outside their expertise Oral footnote Acknowledges a source of evidence and sometimes explains the source's qualifications Oral style Generally should be personal, may include personal stories/pronounces, refer to themselves as I; effective oral style tends to be immediate and active, important because listeners must understand ideas immediately, sustain eye contact Impromptu delivery Involves little or no preparation, effect for speakers who know their material Extemporaneous delivery Extemporaneous delivery Manuscript delivery Involves presenting a speech from a complete, written manuscript, requires speaker to write out the entire content of a speech and rely on the written document or a teleprompter projection when making the presentation; appropriate in situations that call for precision Memorized delivery Extension of the manuscript style of speaking; where a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and presents it without relying on written texts or notes; shares risk of canned delivery and lacks dynamism and immediacy, as well as forgetting Communication apprehension Is a detrimental level of anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication encounters Systematic desensitization Focuses on reducing the tension that surrounds the feared event by relaxing and thereby reducing the physiological features of anxiety, ex. Shallow breathing and increased heart rate Cognitive restructuring A method of reducing communication apprehension; a process of revising how people think about speaking situations; the speaking is not the problem, rather the problem is irrational beliefs about speaking—learn to identify and challenge negative self-statements Positive visualization A technique for reducing communication apprehension; aims to reduce speaking anxiety by guiding apprehensive speakers through imagined positive speaking experiences; allows people to form mental pictures of themselves as effective speakers and to then enact those mental pictures in actual speaking situations Skills training Assumes that lack of speaking skills causes us to be apprehensive; method focuses on teaching people such skills as starting conversations, organizing ideas, and responding effectively to others