| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Igneous Rock Names | These are based on texture (grain size) and mineralogical composition. |
| Gabbro, Diorite, Granite | These are examples of Plutonic rocks coarse-grained and cooled slowly at depth. |
| Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite | These are Volcanic rocks fine-grained and cooled rapidly at the surface. |
| Granite, Rhyolite | These are Felsic rocks containing abundant light-colored minerals. |
| Mafic Rocks | These contain abundant dark-colored ferromagnesian minerals. |
| Physical Tectonic Processes | This Tectonic Process takes place internally. |
| Chemical Tectonic Processes | This Tectonic Process takes place on the surface. |
| Magma | This is created by melting of rock above a subduction zone. |
| Rocks | These are naturally formed and are a consolidated material. |
| Fracture | This is an irregular breakdown. |
| Cleavage | This is breakage along a flat plane. |
| Igneous Rocks | These form when magma cools and solidifies. |
| Glassy Texture | This type of texture is formed by extremely rapid cooling. |
| Intrusive Igneous Rocks | This type of rock cools slowly deep underground and is typically coarse grained. |
| Plutonic Rocks | This type of rock is intrusive at depth. |
| Alfred Wegener | Is responsible for the Continental Drift and Sea Floor Spreading Theories. |
| Plate Tectonics Theory | This was proposed in the 1960's. |
| Plate Tectonics Theory | This includes new understanding of the Seafloor and explanation of driving force. |
| Atmosphere | This is the 'gas' that envelops the earth. |
| Biosphere | This is all living or once living materials. |
| Geosphere | This is the solid rocky earth. |
| External Earth Heat | This is Energy from the Sun. |
| Internal Earth Heat | This is heat moving from the hot interior to the cooler exterior. |
| Convection | This is also heat moving from the hot interior to the cooler exterior. |
| Crust | This is 3 - 70km thick. |
| Mantle | This is 2900km thick. |
| Core | This has a 3400km radius. |
| Lithosphere | This is rigid, brittle and is 100km thick. |
| Asthenosphere | This is defined as a "Plastic Zone." |
| Paleozoic Rocks and Fossils | This was found on South America, Africa, India, Antarctica and Australia to be common. |
| Continental Drift | Reconstructed Paleoclimate Belts suggested polar wandering, which is evidence for this. |
| Continents | This MOVED when there was continental drift. |
| Dip Angle | This is used to find how far rocks are from the magnetic pole when formed. |
| Steep Dip Angle | This would mean that rocks formed closer to the magnetic poles. (Older it is, farther from the Poles) |
| Harry Hess | Proposed seafloor spreading in 1962. |
| Seafloor Spreading Theory | With this theory, The seafloor moves due to mantle convection. |
| Abundant Basaltic Volcanism | Ridge elevation, high heat flow and ________ are evidence of Seafloor Spreading. |
| Young Age of Seafloor | The Seafloor Spreading model helps explain this. |
| Tectonic Plates | These are composed of relatively rigid lithosphere. |
| Age of Seafloor | Lithospheric thickness and ____________ increase with distance from mid-oceanic ridge |
| Plates | ______ float upon ductile asthenosphere. |
| Marine Magnetic Anomalies | Bands of stronger and weaker than average magnetic field strength are examples of this. |
| Satellites, Radar, Lasers and Gps | These can be used to measure plate motion. |
| 1 - 24 cm | Plates usually move this distance per each year. |
| Ocean Basins | When divergent plates move away from each other you will see this. |
| Vine-Matthews Hypothesis | Seafloor age increases with distance from mid-oceanic ridge with this theory. |
| Rifting | During ______ , the crust is stretched and thinned. |
| Graben valleys | These marks rift zones. |
| Transform Plate Boundaries | Plates slide horizontally past each other to spreading with these. |
| Transform Faults | Transform Plate Boundaries are marked by these. |
| Transform Faults | Two ridges and two offset segments of mid-oceanic ridge are marked by these. |
| Transform Faults | A mid-ocean ridge (divergent) and a trench (convergent) are marked by these. |
| Transform Faults | Two trenches (2 convergent boundaries) are marked by these. |
| Ocean-Ocean Plate Convergence | Marked by ocean trench, Benioff zone, and volcanic island arc. |
| Ocean-Continent Plate Convergence | Marked by sub-duction zone. |
| Continent-Continent Plate Convergence | Marked by mountain belts and thrust faults. |
| Plate Boundaries | These can move over time. |
| Mid-Oceanic Ridge Crests | These can migrate to or away from subduction zones. |
| Convergent Boundaries | These can migrate if the subduction angle steepens or the overlying plate has a trenchward motion of its own |
| Transform Boundaries | These can shift as slivers of plate shear off. |
| Mantle Convection | This may be the cause or an effect of circulation set up mainly by ridge-push and/or slab-pull. |
| Mantle Plumes | Hot mantle rock rising through the mantle is an example of... |
| Hot Spots | Mantle Plumes may form these. |
| Volcanic Chains | Hot spots in the interior of a plate produce... |
| Age | If _______ is/are known, you can find the rate of plate movement. |
| Igneous Activity | Metallic ore deposits often located near plate boundaries is an example of __________. |
| Hydrothermal Circulation | This near island arcs can produce metal-rich magmatic fluids. |
| Mineral | This is physically and chemically distinctive. |
| Mineral | This is inorganic. |
| Mineral | This is naturally occuring. |
| Geosphere | Most Minerals form in the ____________. |
| Hydrosphere | The mineral Halite forms in the _________. |
| Biosphere | The mineral Calcite forms in the _________. |
| Atmosphere | Water and Ice form in the __________. |
| Minerals | These have consistent and recognizable physical properties. |
| Element | This can't be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical reactions. |
| Molecule | This is the smallest unit of a substance that retains the properties of that element. |
| Atom(s) | Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons make up this. |
| Proton(s) | This is positively charged. |
| Neutron(s) | This has zero net charge. |
| Electron(s) | This is negatively charged. |
| Electron(s) | This orbits the nucleus in discrete shells or energy levels. |
| Neutral Atom | If the Electrons and Proton amount is equal then you have a(n) __________. |
| Electron(s) | Ordinary chemical reactions involve only the outermost shell _________. |
| Isotopes | Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called this. |
| Element | If the Protons and Neutron amount is equal then you have a(n) __________. |
| Atomic Mass Number | The number of Protons plus the number of Neutrons in the nucleus give you (a) __________. |
| Valence | _________ electrons are outermost shell electrons. |
| Heavier | Some isotopes have more neutrons and are this/these. |
| Isotopes | These may be stable or unstable. |
| Protons and Neutrons | Stable isotopes retain all their ______________ through time |
| Radioactive | Unstable or ____________ Isotopes spontaneously lose proton(s) and/or neutron(s) from their nuclei over time. |
| Stable | _________ isotopes (018) track climate change. |
| Half Life | The time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate). |
| Convection | What causes Plate Motion? |
| Lava | This obtrusively solidifies at surface. |
| Isostasy | Refers to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates "float" at an elevation which depends on their thickness and density. |
| Sediment | Igneous Rock at the surface is weathered into this. |
| Metamorphic Rock | Sedimentary rock heated and squeezed at depth makes _________. |
| Magma | Metamorphic rock may heat up an melt at depth to form this. |
| Rock Forming Minerals | Out of 4000 minerals there are only a few hundred common of these. |
| Crust | Feldspars, Pyroxenes, Amphiboles, Micas, Quartz make up 90% of this. |
| Minerals | Feldspars, Pyroxenes, Amphiboles, Micas, Quartz are all ___________. |
| Native Elements | These are composed entirely of one element. |
| Oxides | Contain O, but not bonded to Si, C or S (e.g., hematite – Fe2O3). |
| Sulfides | Contain S (but no O) in their structures (e.g., pyrite – FeS2). |
| Sulfates | Contain SO4 in their structures (e.g., gypsum – CaSO4 x 2H2O). |
| Carbonates | Contain CO3 in their structures (e.g., calcite – CaCO3). |
| Non-Silicate Minerals | Oxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Carbonates are all examples of __________. |
| Physical and Chemical | These properties of minerals are closely linked to their atomic structures and compositions. |
| Color | The visible hue of a mineral is (its) _____________. |
| Streak | The color left behind when mineral is scraped on unglazed porcelain. |
| Luster | The manner in which light reflects off surface of a mineral. |
| Crystal | The external geometric form. |
| Hardness | Mohs Scale refers to this. |
| Mohs Scale | Scratch-Resistence refers to this. |
| Mineral Properties | Cleavage, Fracture, Specific Gravity, Magnetism, and Chemical Reaction all refer to this. |
| Rock Cycle | This involves interactions of geosphere, hydrosphere, with atmosphere and/or biosphere. |
| Mafic Rocks | These have ~50% silica, by weight, and contain dark-colored minerals abundant in Fe, Mg and Ca. |
| Intrusive Rocks | These exist in bodies or structures that penetrate or cut through pre-existing country rock. |
| Dike | Tabular Intrusive structure that cuts across any layering in country rock. |
| Sill | Tabular intrusive structure that parallels layering in country rock. |
| Melting Point | The _____________ of minerals generally increases with increasing pressure. |
| Crust | O, SI, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg are the eight most common minerals in this. |
| Pressure | Higher Temperatures equate to higher of this. |
| Texture (Igneous Rocks) | Extrusive – Fine grained, rapid cooling & Intrusive – coarse grained are examples of this. |
| Porphyrite | Large crystals in a fine grained mass. |
| Discordant | Dikes, Not //.... |
| Concordant | Sills, //... |
| Batholith | Lots of Plutons together is this. |
| Temperature | As you go down (say 1km) the ___________ increases. |
| Earth's Age | 4.55 Billion is this. |
| Slab Pull | As a crustal plate moves further from an oceanic ridge, it cools and becomes increasingly dense. This causes it to sink beneath the continental crust in a subduction zone. The weight of this sinking, cooling plate causes a major pulling action, which causes the rest of the plate to be pulled downwards as well. |
| Non-Silicate | Carbonates, Sulfates, Sulfides, Oxides, Native Elements are ___________. |
| Depth | Increase in melting point, Water vapor and gasses speeds up the melting temperature all due to this. |
| Partial Melting | As the magma rises the temperature is going down. |
| Assimulation | When hot magma melts the country rock (more solicit, more Baltic). |
| Geologic Hazard | Tsunamis, Earthquakes and Sink holes are examples of... |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace