APWH Stearns - Chapter 4
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Created by:
fallacychan on April 27, 2012
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Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranean and Middle East
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42 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Polis | City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE |
| Socrates | Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher Urged rational reflection of moral decisions Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young |
| Plato | Socrates' greatest pupil Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature |
| Aristotle | 384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher Alexander the Great's teacher Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world |
| Sophocles | 494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex |
| Iliad | Homer's Greek epic poem that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths Herodotus - Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories" |
| Pythagoras | Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today |
| Galen | Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices |
| Euclid | Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time |
| Ptolemy | Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth |
| Sappho | One of the greatest ancient Greek poets Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love |
| Battle of Marathon | 490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades |
| King Xerxes | 486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea |
| Themistocles | Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army |
| Battle of Thermopylae | 480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion |
| Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE Guided development of Athenian Empire Died during early Peloponnesian War |
| Peloponnesian Wars | 431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece |
| Cyrus the Great | By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire Mesopotamia's successor |
| Zoroastrianism | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil Stressed importance of moral choice Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song" Chief religion of Persian Empire |
| Philip II of Macedon | Ruled from 359-336 BCE Founder of centralized kingdom Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority |
| Alexander the Great | Philip II's successor Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture |
| Hellenistic Period | Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms |
| Alexandria, Egypt | Founded and named for Alexander the Great Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library Center of literary studies |
| Julius Caesar | Roman general, conquered Gaul Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators |
| Diocletian | 284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection |
| Constantine | 312-337CE Roman emperor Established second capital at Constantinople Tried to use Christianity to unite empire |
| Cicero | Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar |
| Roman Republic | 510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies |
| Senate | Assembly of Roman aristocrats Advised on policy within the republic Early element of Roman constitution |
| Consuls | 2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy |
| Twelve Tables | 450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic |
| Carthage | Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars |
| Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean Rome won after 3 separate conflicts |
| Hannibal | Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome Finally defeated at Battle of Zama |
| Augustus Caesar | Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra First Roman emperor |
| Vergil | One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature Patronized by Augustus Author of the Aeneid |
| Olympic games | Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations |
| Tyranny | Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler |
| Aristocracy | Form of government where the rich rule over everyone |
| Direct democracy | People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives |
| Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery |
| Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | Distinct styles of Hellenistic architecture Order of ornate: 1. Corinthian, 2. Ionic, 3. Doric |
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