APWH Stearns - Chapter 6
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Created by:
fallacychan on April 27, 2012
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The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of Arabian peninsula Camel and goat nomad culture Early Islam converts |
| Shaykhs | Leaders of bedouin tribes and clans Usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children |
| Muhammad | 570-632, prophet of Islam Born to Banu Hasim clan of Quraysh in Mecca Raised by father's family Received revelations from Allah in 610 |
| Islam | Major world religion which began 610 CE in Arabian peninsula Literally means submission Based on prophecy of Muhammed |
| Allah | Supreme Muslim God |
| Mecca | City in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula Founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh Site of Ka'ba Muhammad's original home Chief religious pilgrimage point |
| Medina | Also known as Yathrib Refuge for Muhammad's flight from Mecca (hijra) |
| Umayyad | Quraysh clan that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca Clan established dynasty as Islam rulers 661 - 750 |
| Khadijah | Muhammad's first wife, who had worked for her as a trader |
| Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia Located in Mecca Focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouins Later, important Islam shrine |
| Qur'an | Revelations received by Muhammad Holy book of Islam |
| Umma | Islamic community of faithful Transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity |
| Zakat | Charity tax obligatory for all Muslims |
| Five Pillars | Obligatory religious duties of all Muslims Confession of faith, prayer, fast during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj |
| Caliphs | Muhammad's political and religious successors |
| Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad Orthodox caliph that was focus for Shi'a |
| Abu Bakr | 573-634, one of earliest Islam converts and first caliph |
| Ridda Wars | Followed Muhammad's death Resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans Restored Islam unity |
| Jihad | Holy war |
| Uthman | 3rd caliph Member of Umayyad clan Murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt Death set off civil Islamic war between followers of Ali and Umayyads |
| Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between Ali and Umayyad forces Settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party |
| Mu'awiya | 602-680, Umayyan clan leader First Umayyad caliph after civil war with Ali |
| Sunnis | Political and theological division in Islam Supporters of Umayyads |
| Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites Political and theological division in Islam Followers of Ali |
| Karbala | Site of death of Husayn, son of Ali Marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate |
| Mawali | Non-Arab Islam converts |
| Jizya | Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories |
| Dhimmis | "people of the book" Jews and Christians in Islamic territories, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus |
| Abbasids | Dynasty that succeeded Umayyads as Islamic caliphs Came to power in 750 |
| Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet |
| Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abassids over Umayyads Resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital |
| Baghdad | Capital of Abassid dynasty located in Iraz near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon |
| Wazir | Chief administrative official under Abassid caliphate Initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire |
| Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with lateen (triangular) sails that influenced European ship design |
| Ayan | Wealthy landed elite that emerged in early Abassid rule |
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