AP US History - Unit 6 - 1877-1916 (incomplete)

Terms	Definitions
Laissez-faire	This was a philosophy created in 1776 by Adam Smith that advocated minimal government regulation of business.
Adam Smith, Wealth Nation	He was the Father of Modern Economics. He was against mercantilism and, in his book, he advocated a laissez-faire policy of leaving business alone.
robber barons	This is a nickname for entrepreneurs who monopolized industries and overcharged the consumer. They included J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and John D. Rockefeller, big business tycoons.
1. horizontal consolidation 2. vertical consolidation	1. This is a way to control some businesses by monopolizing one necessary part of the business (Rockefeller's refineries). 2. This is the process of monopolizing the whole business by controlling all of the parts from the raw materials to the finished product (Carnegie's steel).
stock watering	It refers to the practice of inflating claims about the assets and profitability of a company to increase the prices of its stocks and bonds.
pools	In this, competitors of a certain product agree to raise prices collectively so they can receive huge profits.
holding companies	They were forms in response to the Sherman Antitrust Act. They consisted of one company owning the majority of stock of a large number of companies.
trusts	In one of these, the boar of directors in one company controls the competing company by being on the other company's board of directors, thus eliminating competition. To do this, a large company owns enough stock in all of its competitors to pick the members of the board and then influences them.
interlocking directorates	A company places people into positions of power, and influences the competing company through these people. One of the most prominent was J.P. Morgan's.
long/short haul, rebates	Corruption of the railroads was so bad that companies often charged a higher rate for a shorter haul than for a longer haul. They also gave rebates or favors to big companies such as Carnegie Steel.
Bessemer process	This was the process of strengthening iron by forming steel. It rid the iron ore of all impurities (slag) and carbonized the iron into steel.
Mesabi range	Located in the Lake Superior-Minnesota region, this produced much of iron ore in America.
George Westinghouse	He was the first to make a million dollars by selling cookie (a coal residue).
Thomas Edison	Probably the most versatile inventor in American history, he received thousands of patents for his inventions. Some of his most famous inventions are the phonograph and the incandescent light.
Alexander Graham Bell	This man, a teacher of the deaf, invented the telephone.
Big Four	They were four multimillionaires who monopolized the railroads in California. They were called this, and included Colis Huntington, Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, and Leland Stanford, railroad tycoons.
Union & Central Pacific (created by the UPRR Act, 1862)	These were two of the many railroads owned by the Big Four of California. They were operated by Grenville Dodge and were later sold to the Big Four.
James G. Hill, Great Northern RR	He was the only railroad builder who built a railroad without government subsidies. His railroad ran from Duluth, Minnesota, on Lake Superior to the port of Seattle, Washington, and was called the ___ Railroad.
Cornelius Vanderbilt, NY Central	He was the most prominent multimillionaire in the East. He controlled most of the Eastern railroads and to name of his railroad was ____.
John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil	He started out with an oil refinery in Pittsburgh and turned it into an oil company with a monopoly on 90% of American oil. He practiced horizontal consolidation by controlling the refineries only; if someone wanted oil refined, they had to come to ____.
Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie Steel	He was a multimillionaire who controlled a quarter of the steel industry with his company, ____.
J.P. Morgan	As the most influential and powerful banker of America, he was the symbol of power and arrogance of financial capitalism. he was on many boards of directors because he could provide loans that the companies needed.
Morgan Bond Transaction; J.P. Morgan, August Belmont	These two men agreed to lend the government $62 million in exchange for a special discount on US bonds. With this money the US government restored its gold supply while these two men made a handsome profit selling the bonds to the public.
Gustuvus Swift, Philip Armour	These two controlled the monopoly of meat packing. With the improvements of railroads, the inventions of the tin can, and the refrigerated box car, they became top names in meat packing.
James Duke, American Tobacco Co.	Named after president James Buchanan, this man controlled 93% of the tobacco business. This percentage was the most comprehensive monopoly in America.
Jay Cookie	He was an extremely rich financial genius of the Civil War. He owned a New York banking firm whose failure in 1873 helped begin a depression.
US Steel, 1901	When Carnegie Steel sold out its interests to a group of financiers headed by Elbert Gary and JP Morgan, they formed ___. Gary later bought the company from Morgan.
Windom Committee, 1874	A Senate committee, the ___ committee recommended that the US government build railroads to compete with private lines and thus force private lines to keep their rates down.
Cullow Committee, 1886	This Senate Committee disclosed that railroads were guilty of pooling tactics and recommended immediate federal government regulation of the railroads.
Interstate Commerce Act, 1887	It stated that trusts or monopolies were illegal. It created the ____ Commission to enforce the measure and required railroads to post their rates publicly. It also prohibited rate discrimination.
Collective bargaining	These are face-to-face negotiations to settle disputes between workers and management. Eah side has an agenda of demands and attempts to achieve a favorable compromise. The union leaders have the power to speak for the members of their union as a whole.
injunction	This is a court order obtained by a company to ban unions and stop strikes.
1. strikes 2. pickets 3. boycotts	These are tools that the union uses against the management of a company. During 1. ___, workers refuse to work. In 2. ___, people use signs to publicize the strike and to stop strike breakers. In a 3. ___ the union asks the public not to buy the company's products.
company unions	They were unions formed and controlled by their respective companies to appease the workers. The workers were lulled into false sense of security because the company left the union without real bargaining power.
closed ship, blacklist	A ___ refers to a company that hires only union members. When a company blacklisted someone, it told other employers that the person was a union member, which prevented him from working after he had been fired.
yellow dog contracts	These are contracts that the company forces a worker to sign before he can be employed in the company. The contract states that the worker cannot join a union.
William Sylvis; National Labor Union, 1866-72	The ___ was the first national union. It represented the iron workers who wanted an 8-hour day. The union's downfall was a result of becoming involved with politics and supporting the Greenback-Labor Party.
Uriah Stephens, Terance Powderly; Knights of Labor, 1869-1886	Uriah S. Stephens founded this labor union and Terance V. Powderly led it. Its downfall was attributed to the lack of funds, lack of organization, and the mishap at the Haymarket Square in Chicago.
Great RR Strike, 1877	Railroad workers went on strike protesting wage cuts and prevented the railroads from operating. Federal troops were used against unions for the first time during this strike. The disturbances were stopped and the workers returned to work with their lower wages.
American Federation of Labor, 1881-1955; Samuel Gompers	The ___ represented skilled labor and was composed of craft unions. They learned from the Knights of Labor and the National Labor Union and avoided politics and violence.
Harmarket Square, 1886	This was a riot led by the Knights of Labor in Chicago. It began as an attempt to secure an 8-hour work day. 12 people were killed when an anarchist threw a bomb into a column of policemen. This act of violence was linked to the Knights of Labor and was a major setback to their cause.
Homestead Steel Strike, 1892	Carnegie's steel workers had a sit-down strike. In response, Carnegie hired the Pinkerton Detective Agency to stop the strike, but the attempt failed. The government militia laid siege to the factory for 20 weeks before the workers capitulated.
Pullman Strike, 1894	This strike began when the ___ Palace Car Company severely cut wages for its workers. The railroad workers responded by refusing to link any ___ car to a train. The government transported mail on __ cars making the union's actions a federal offense. President Cleveland brought in the army to end the strike and safeguard US mail. There was $80 million in damage as mobs representing both sides roamed the streets during the strike.
American Railway Union	It started the Pullman strike and was like by Eugene Debs.
Eugene Debs	He was the head of the American Railway Union and later became the founder of the American Socialist Party.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894	It lowered duties on imports to about 40% but still protected American industries from foreign competition.
Dingley Tariff, 1897	It raised duties to an extremely high average of 57%, the highest in US history.
gerrymandering	This is a term applied to the drawing of political boundaries in such a manner that a political party or candidate received an electoral majority while an opponent received a minority.
New immigration	This started after the Civil War and reached its peak at the beginning of the 20th century. These immigrants were mainly from Eastern and Southern Europe and migrated because of hard economic times. They included Greeks, Italians, Slavs, and Poles. When they arrived they faced strong nativist opposition in the US and were greatly discriminated against.
streetcar suburbs, dumbbell tenements	As streetcars continued to brach from the inner city, suburbs were created to house the middle class works who were attempting to escape the inner city problems. Yet, the suburbs were close enough for the white collar work to commute daily. Tenements were cheap, run-down, high-rise apartments in the inner city that housed the poor.
William M. "Boss" Tweed	He led a political ring in New York City. He stole more than $200 million from the public in the 6 years he was a political boss. He was finally indicted in 1871 and sentenced to jail where he later died.
George Plunkitt	He ran Tammany Hall after "Boss" Tweed was indicted. He wrote a book on how to cheat the public.
Tammany Hall	This was the headquarters of New York's infamous "Boss" Tweed.
Thomas Mast	As the first prominent cartoonist, his drawings led to in indictment of "Boss" Tweed. His cartoon in 1871 called "Let Us Prey," portrayed Tweed as a vulture who used fraud to cheat New York out of its funds.
Anthony Comstock	He waged a lifelong war on immorality by defending sexual purity and attempting to remove obscene pictures from society.
Jane Addams; Hull House, 1889	She was a humanitarian reformer who established a halfway house for homeless children called the Hull House because she was disgusted by the inner city problems.
James Bryce	He was an English ambassador to the US who wrote a book about America called the American Commonwealth. In it he said that success breeds success or that successful people inspire others to become successful.
John Roebling	He was an engineer who built the Brooklyn Bridge, the first large suspension bridge in America, in 1883.
Louis Sullivan	He was one of America's finest architects. His philosophy of functionalism stated that everything on a building must have a purpose or function. He was the first person to build skyscrapers and later opened a school for architects.
Frank L. Wright	He was an architect who had a theory that building should have their own unique styles and should not imitate Greek and Roman architecture. Moreover, he believed that architecture should blend with its environment and surroundings.
Ashcan School, 1913	The ___ School was a group of painters who depicted inner city life through their paintings. In the Armory Show of 1913, they painted pictures of trash cans.
Literacy Tests	These tests limited immigration into the US by turning away immigrants who could not read or write English.
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882	After Kearney terrorized the Chinese, he and others demanded that no more Chinese be allowed in the country. Congress responded by placing a 10-year moratorium (suspension) on Chinese immigration.
American Protection Association, 1887	It was one of the most common anti-foreign organizations in the US. It sought nativist goals such as immigration exclusion.
Dillingham Committee, 1911	This committee severely restricted immigration because of nativist protest.
Denis Kearney, 1880-1920	As part of the nativist reaction to the flood of immigrants after the Civil War, Kearney antagonized the Chinese in the West by cutting off their pigtails and murdering them.
Comstock Lode, 1859; Carson River	Prospectors in Nevada discovered gold near the ___ valley. This fabulously rich vein brought about $240 million worth of gold and silver between 1860 and 1890.
Homestead Act, 1862	This act gave 160 acres of free public land to any settler who would live on them.
Morrill Act, 1862	As part of Republican wartime legislation, this law provided generous grants of public lands to each state. At that time, 30,000 acres per member of Congress was granted. 90% of this land was to be used as an endowment for colleges and universities teaching agriculture, mechanical arts and other such subjects.
Chivington Massacre, 1860	A militia massacres 500 Indians in cold blood at Sand Creek, Colorado. The Indians were shot for sport.
Washita River, 1869	Custer and his troops surrounded Chief Black Kettle's tribe at the ___ where they opened fire and killed 200 Indians.
Indian Appropriations Act, 1871	This act gave the Indians tribal ownership of reservation lands.
Joseph Glidden	In 1874, ___ developed a superior type of barbed wire that gave the farmer greater protection against wandering cattle.
George Custer, Little Big Horn, 1876	In the Sioux War of 1876-77, 2,500 well-armed Indian warriors chased ___ to the ____ in Montana. There the Indians wiped out 264 officers and men.
Helen H. Jackson	___ was a Massachusetts writer of children's literature. In 1881, she published her book, A Century of Dishonor, which told about the US government's ruthlessness in dealing with the Indians.
Chief Joseph, Nez Perce	The Nez Perce Indians of Idaho, led by ___, retreated 1500 miles to Canda when gold-hungry whites trespassed on their land. The Indians surrendered 30 miles from the Canadian border because of a harsh winter and the forceful persuasion of a US army division.
Dawes Severalty Act, 1887	In an attempt to assimilate the Indians into American society, this act divided tribal lands among all Indians with each Indian receiving a portion of farmland.
Hatch Act, 1887	This created experimental agricultural stations that made farming more scientific and increased the crop yield.
1. Oklahoma 2. Sooners 3. Boomers	On April 22, 1889, 1. ____ was opened for the last great run for free land. 2. ____ cheated by staking out their claims the night before. 3. staked out their claims on the specified day.
1. Ghost Dance Movement, 2. Wounded Knee, 1890	The plight of the Sioux caused them to become desperate. They turned to Wovaka for help, and he promised to restore the Sioux's dominance on the plains if they performed 1. ___. This movement spread and caused white people to become alarmed. After the death of Sitting Bull in 1890, the Cavalry attempted to round up 350 starving Indians of at 3. ___, South Dakota. When an Indian fired a shot, the Cavalry retaliated by killing of the Indians.
1. Frederick Jackson Turner, 2. "safety valve"	1. ___ wrote an essay on the West called "The Significance of the Frontier on American History," in which he outlined the significance of the frontier on the country as well as the impact of the close of the frontier. This volume included his 2. ___ theory.
Safety Valve	This theory states that when hard times hit, the unemployed moved west, took up farming and because prosperous. With the close of the frontier the less fortunate had no place to start a new life, thus leading to urban overcrowding and inner city problems.
Chataqua Movement	Named for its place of origin, ___, New York, this was a four-year education program designed to teach illiterate adults how to read and write.
John Hopkins University, 1876	This was among the first high-quality graduate schools in America.
Charles Darwin	In 1859, ___ finished his book, Origin of the Species, which supported science, rational thought, and evolution. Theories presented in the book conflicted with some of the teachings of the Protestant and Catholic Churches.
Social Darwinism	This philosophy applied evolution to social studies by stating that the law of the survival of the fittest applied to the human race. It asserted that inexorable natural laws controlled the social order and that government should not attempt to uplift the poor through social programs or charity because the poor are lazy while the rich are hardworking.
Herbert Spencer	He led the philosophy of Social Darwinism and was the first person to coin the phrase "survival of the fittest."
Henry Beecher	He was a clergyman who found no basic antagonism between the scientific concepts of evolution and Christian principles.
Josiah Strong	A cleric, he advocated imperialism and linked it to the survival of the fittest. He said in order for America to compete, she should build an overseas empire. He proposed to make Christianity a part of the everyday life of the people. He sided politically with labor and made his church into an attractive social institution.
Lester Ward	He wrote Dynamic Sociology which argued that the laws of nature could be changed by humans. He specialized in sociology and stated that society had evolved and the government needed to regulate big business and prevent exploitation of natural resources.
Carnegie	A railroad tycoon who later started US Steel, he supported a laissez-faire economy. He specialized in sociology and stated that society had evolved and the government needed to regulate big business and prevent exploitation of natural resources.
Russell Conwell	He followed Social Darwinism and wrote a poem titled "Acres of Diamonds." This poem states that hard workers because rich and lazy people became poor.
Social Gospel	This was a social movement that helped the poor. The Salvation Army, the YMCA, and the YWCA are all social gospels. The YMCA worked to overcome the dislocation and heartache experienced by thousands of rural Americans. It provided decent housing and recreational facilities and exposed its members to moral improvements.
Walter Rauschenbusch	He created the Fabian Socialists, a group that wanted an egalitarian society (a society that promotes human equality) without the use of force. He also wrote Christianity and the Social Crisis, a book that applied Jesus' teachings to society.
Gladden	He was a progressive clergyman who accepted the new scientific ideas and supported a church-labor coalition against business.
Charles Sheldon	He wrote In His Steps, a book that urged people to follow Jesus' example (or follow in His footsteps).
Dwight Moody	He was the leading evangelist against modernism in the Northeast.
Mark Eddy	She founded Christian Science, a religion which promises physical and spiritual salvation. This religion promotes mind over matter and teaches people to heal themselves if they are ill.
Gilded Age	This was a sarcastic name given to the post-Civil War era by Mark Twain in his book The Gilded Age. He said that this age look "gold-plated" on the outside, but in reality, the core was made of lead.
nouveau riche	This is a French phrase meaning "new rich." It is used to refer to those who had recently become wealthy. Included were people, like Carnegie, who acquired their riches through business, while the "old rich" were people who inherited their wealth.
Edward Bellamy	In his book, Looking Backward, 2000-1887, he described an ideal US as a utopian socialist society where production facilities were owned by the people and leisure time was used for cultural enhancement.
Henry George	In his book, Progress and Poverty, he criticized unequal land distribution which he believed led to extreme differences between the social classes. He based his book on his experience of poverty in India.
William James, pragmatism	He was a philosopher who wrote about a concept known as pragmatism, which emphasized the practical side of thinking. He based his book on his experience of poverty in India.
E.L. Godkin	He crusaded militantly for civil service reform, honesty in government, and a moderate tariff. In his book, The Nation, he criticized the US for the lack of these things.
William Howells	He was a pseudo-realist author who centered his attention on the upper-middle class. In his works he presented a realistic picture of a society adjusting itself to a machine-oriented world.
Henry James	Also a pseudo-realist, he was an author who wrote books about the rich and expatriots.
Stephen Crane	In his novel, The Red Badge of Courage, he recounts a stirring story of a bloodied young recruit under fire during the Civil War.
Hamilin Garland	One of the most serious literary authors, he wrote mainly about the mid-west and the prairie.
Joel Harris, Bret Harte	He wrote the Uncle Remus stories that were about the South. These stories contained a hero and a trickster. He used a black man named Uncle Remus as a narrator in the stories.
Samuel Clemens	Mark Twain was the pseudonym for this man. Twain was probably the best-known serious literary novelist and satirist at the end of the 19th century. His works include Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, and The Prince and the Pauper.
Horatio Alger	An author of popular literature, he wrote a record number of 119 books in 20 years. His books were rags-to-riches stories in which the characters obtain material possessions and wealth as a way to achieve happiness.
Realism	This was a cultural movement after romanticism that dealt with the real aspects of life instead of fantasy or abstract worlds.
Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer	He was the first American impressionist whose paintings made an emotional impression on the viewer. He was considered the best artist of the period and was best known for his seascapes with lone men struggling against massive waves.
Augustus St-Gaudens	He was the only known American sculptor of this period. His sculptures were usually large and robust.
Joseph Pulitzer	He purchased the New York World in 1883 and soon made it into the most profitable newspaper in America. He maintained Greeley's position of supporting the underdog and was the innovator of the comics, the sports page, daily political cartoons and articles by feature writers.
William Randolph Hearst	He became Pulitzer's competitor when he acquired the New York Morning Journal in 1895. The newspaper soon became a powerful chain through his yellow journalism tactics.
yellow journalism	A tactic used by William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. They created fictional and exaggerated atrocities which were centered around sensationalism and swayed the American public to demand war.
Susan B. Anthony	She was the founder and leader of the National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA), a women's rights movement. She suggested that the movement concentrate on gaining suffrage for women.
Carrie Catt	She was head of the League of Women Voters and the NAWSA. She had superb organizing abilities and political skills and was committed to broad social reforms.
Alice Paul	She headed the Congressional Union with pushed the women's suffrage movement to a national level in 1911 after California allowed women to vote. She also led the Women's Party after the 19th Amendment was passed.
Frances Willard, Women's Christian Temperance Union, 1874	She headed the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and fought for prohibition.
Carrie Nation	She was the most notorious member of the Anti-Saloon League. She wanted to ban saloons and would attack people at bars and the bars themselves with her hatchet. These activities made her famous on lecture circuits.
bimetallism	This is the use of two metals as specie to back up a country's currency. The US government used silver and gold.
free silver, 16:1	Westerners were promoting free silver as a means of increasing the money supply, inflating currency and easing the strain on the famers' mounting debts. The US government had been coining 16 silver coins per gold coin.
Bland Allison Act, 1878	This act stated that the US government would buy $2 to a 4 million worth of silver a month and mint it into silver dollars, but the Treasury refused to mint silver dollars.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890	It increased the Treasury's silver purchase to 4.5 million ounces monthly and required the government to issue Treasury notes redeemable in gold and silver.
William Harvey	He wrote Coin's Financial School in 1894 which explained the monetary issue in layman's terms. Harvey advocated free coinage of silver and said that economic problems were caused by inflation and gold coins.
Coxey's Army, 1894	___ led over 500,000 protestors in a march to Washington DC. They demanded that the government relieve unemployment and called for inflation to relieve their debt payments. This was one of the first mass marches in America. He and his army were arrested for walking on the White House grass. Because they violated no other laws, this was the only way to get rid of them.
Gold Standard Act, 1900	This act ended the coinage of silver and only allowed the US Treasury to coin gold. It increased the Gold Reserve to $150 million because the US had switched to a gold-based money.
Grangers, 1887; Oliver Kelly	This party was founded by ___ and was composed of farmers that demanded the regulation of western railroads and other monopolies. It was the foundation for other farmer's groups in the late 1800s.
Granger Laws	They were state laws that set maximum rates railroads could charge for carrying or storing grains.
Farmers Alliance, 1879	This group was founded by Ben "Pitchfork" Tillman after the Grangers failed. This group was very powerful. Three members serve as governors.
Oscala Demands	In Oscala, Florida, members of the Northern and Southern Farmers Alliances convened and discussed their political success. They formed a committee that created this and agreed upon a common program of free silver, government ownership of railroads and other reforms.
James B. Weaver, Omaha Platform	The Populists were a third political party that was formed from the Farmers Alliances. They nominated ___ as their candidate in the election of 1892. He advocated the policies of the ___ Platform.
Populists	The ___ met in Omaha, Nebraska to create a platform that would appeal to farmers throughout the currency, a postal savings banks, and a graduated income tax. The Populists also wanted government ownership and operation of railroads, communications, and utilities. They advocated the direct election of senators, a one term limit for presidents; tariff reductions; restriction of immigration; an 8-hour work day; and implementation of an Australian ballot, an initiative and referendum.
Donnelly, Watson, Weaver, Lease	These people were the leaders of the Populist Party.
Donnelly	___ had come up with the Populists solution to America's problems.
William McKinley	He was a conservative who supported protective tariffs. He was against free silver and during the election he ran a "front porch" campaign (McKinley stayed at home and during the election he planned speeches to important people). Conservative newspapers and industrialists worked harder than McKinley to elect him President (this was McKinley's "fog" campaign).
Mark Hanna	He was the political boss of Ohio. He was McKinley's campaign manager and put him in office using a $16 million campaign fund.
William J. Brian	He was the Democratic candidate during the election of 1896. He only had $250,000 in campaign funds and ran against William McKinley who had $16 million in funds. He was a vigorous supporter of free silver.
1. Cross of Gold Speech, 2. on a cross of gold	William J. Bryan presented this speech (1) which advocated free silver and part of the Omaha Platform. In his speech, Bryan said the poor were being crucified 2. ___. This speech resulted in his nomination as the Democratic candidate for president.
muckrakers	They were writers who supported Progressive reform through magazine articles. They received the name ___ from Theodore Roosevelt.
Jacob Riis	He wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890. ___ investigated the New York City slums and wrote about the horror in the inner cities. He startled the public into aiding the poor.
Henry Lloyd	He wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth in 1894. This book exposed the corruption of Rockefeller as he monopolized the oil industry.
Charlotte Gilman	She wrote Women and Economics in 1898. This book traced the history of sexual discrimination, gender stereotyping, and the subordination of women.
Thorstein Veblen	He wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class in 1899. His book exposed the exploitation of the poor by the wealthy.
Frank Norris	He wrote The Octopus in 1901. It dealt with the struggle wheat farmers had with the powerful railroads and a monopolized market. He also wrote The Pit, a book which also told about the destruction of farmers by railroads and markets.
Lincoln Steffens	He wrote The Shame of the Cities in 1904. He lived in many different cities while investigating and writing about the corruption in city governments.
Ida Tarbell	She wrote the History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904. It was an article about Rockefeller and his company's corruption and how it wiped out small businesses like her father's.
John Spargo	He wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children in 1906. In it, he gave accounts of children losing fingers, arms, and other limbs by working in unsafe factories. He stated that child labor was a shame and that it needed to be stopped.
David Phillips	He wrote Treason of the Senate in 1906. He revealed that 75 out of 90 Senators took bribes. He gave the names of corrupt senators and later was assassinated.
John Dewey	He wrote The School and Society. In his book, ___ said that we learn through our experiences. He wanted teachers to show pupils that learning was interesting. He also stressed the need of training for life in the class room.
Upton Sinclair	He wrote The Jungle in 1906. It is a book about immigrants working in meat industries and the abusive way the managers treated them. The book condemned the terrible working conditions and unsanitary meat that was being produced.
Herbert Croly	He wrote The Promise of American Life in 1909. His book pleaded for government regulation of business and influenced Roosevelt's New Nationalism.
initiative	The ___ was part of the Omaha Platform and is used today. The public can initiate or put a law on the ballot to be voted on. This is done by collecting a specified number of signatures.
referendum	A ___ is a vote of the people which has already been passed by the Legislature. ___ May be conducted on controversial legislation.
recall	A ___ enables the voters to present a ballot to remove undesirable officials. The voters then vote whether or not to remove the official from office before the term is up.
direct primary	In a ___ or ___, the registered voters choose candidates for each political party in a preliminary election.
Australian (secret) ballot	An ___ ballot is a ___ ballot and was part of the Omaha Platform.

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AP US History - Unit 6 - 1877-1916 (incomplete)

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