1.
2 types of humoral responses: t-independent and t- dependent
2.
4 general mechanisms connected with virulence of pathogen: access to host, adherence to host, penetration of host defenses, damage to the host
3.
A- B toxins: B part binds to receptor on host; A part usually enzyme that causes problem ex: botulism toxin, tetanus toxin, cholera toxin
4.
Access (portals of entry): respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, skin, blood
5.
Acquired Immunity: immunity that develops within a person's lifetime
6.
adherence: means of attaching to the host
7.
adhesions (ligands): surface molecules on the pathogen that bind to complementary surface receptors on the host cell (ex: capsules and fimbriae)
8.
AIDS: HIV attacks helper T-cells, which are needed for B-cell activation and antibody production. Allows development of bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan diseases, even some cancers
9.
anaphylactic reactions (allergy): involve mast cells (found in connective tissue of skin and respiratory tract), basophils (circulate in the blood stream), and IgE (attaches to mast cell and basophil surface)
10.
antibodies: proteins that are synthesized in response to an antigen (immunoglobulin), they can recognize, bind to, and help destroy an antigen
11.
antigens: foreign material that causes a response by the immune system
12.
Artificially acquired active immunity: antibodies are made due to exposure to a vaccine
13.
Artificially acquired passive immunity: antibodies gathered from a human of other animal and are injected into an individual ex: antiserum for a snakebite
14.
Attenuated vaccine: alive but weakened microbes (chemically altered), can offer lifelong immunity because the virus replicated in the body
15.
Autoimmune Disease: loss of ability to distinguish self from non self, includes about 5% of population; 75% of cases are women, ex: Rheumatoid arthritis-IgM binds to the Fc region of the IgG and these complexes deposit in the joints
16.
biological transmission: vector bites host or the vector vomits or defecates while biting, and the parasite carried by the vector enters the host
17.
blood: hep B, HIV, malaria
18.
capsules (penetration): streptococcus pneumonia capsule prevents phagocytosis
19.
cell mediated immunity: involves T-cells, T-cell mature in the thymus, T-cells do not produce antibodies, but they can directly attack an antigen and they can regulate the immune system
20.
cell wall components (penetration): streptococcus pyogenes makes M protein that aids in prevention of phagocytosis
21.
Cell-mediated response: the response of T cells to antigens (antibodies=bodies response)
22.
coagulase: coagulates plasma; helps the organism wall itself off from host defenses
23.
collagenase: breaks down collagen which forms connective tissue of host
24.
communicable disease: transmitted from one host to another
25.
Complement: series of proteins some of which are enzymatic that destroy foreign cells
26.
Cytotoxic T-cells: (CD8)-can transform into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which can destroy target cells (cells that are non-self) on contact.
27.
damage to host: direct damage to host cell by being in it or by lysing it to get out, using a host cell's nutrients, toxin production
28.
Delayed cell: mediated hypersensitivity-Reaction of T cells ex: poison ivy
29.
direct contact: disease is transmitted physical contact with source ex) touching, kissing, sexual contact
30.
disease: occurs when there is harm to the host-a change from a state in health
31.
droplet transmission: mucus droplets that travel short distances (less than 1 meter) ex) coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking
32.
endotoxin: lipid portion (lipid A) of the lipopolysaccharide found in the outer layer of gram negative bacteria cell wall, released into the environment when the bacteria dies and is broken down
33.
endotoxins can cause what?: fever, weakness, and sometimes shock
34.
enzyme production (penetration): coagulase, kinases, strep, collagenase
35.
examples of antigens: bacteria, fungi, allergens, transplanted tissue cells, but more specifically, they are proteins or polysaccharides (or combination of the 2) such as surface molecules on capsules, cell wall components, flagella, capsids
36.
exotoxin: proteins produced inside some bacteria as a part of its growth and metabolism, released into the surrounding environment, destroy particular parts of the host's cells of by inhibiting certain metabolic functions, small amounts can kill
37.
Fever: endotoxin exposure causes macrophages to produce interleukin which helps reset the temp control center in hypothalamus of brain to higher temp
38.
first line of defense: skin, mucous membranes, tears
39.
gastrointestinal tract: polio, hep A, typhoid fever, cholera
40.
genitourinary system: STDs, bladder infections
41.
Graves disease: antibodies produced by host bind to host's own thyroid gland cells. Antibody binding over stimulates the thyroid gland. Symptoms may include bulging eyes and goiter.
42.
Hapten: low molecular weight antigen that is only antigenic when combined with a carrier molecule, usually serum proteins ex: penicillin (hapten that must combine with serum protein produced in only some individuals)
43.
Helper T-cells: (CD4=clusters of differentiation 4, refers to glycoproteins on the cell surface)-necessary for B cells activation in the T-dependent response, and they activate cells related to immunity (macrophages, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T-cells)
44.
how are diseases communicable: contact, vehicle transmission, vectors
45.
Humoral Response: production of antibodies by B cells which mature in the bone marrow make antibodies when exposed to antigens
46.
hypersensitivity: antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal in individuals who have been sensitized by exposure to antigen (allergen)
47.
If type B is given A blood...: the antigens on the type B blood cells will react with anti B antibodies in the recipient's serum, turn on complement, resulting in lysis of donor's RBCs
48.
Inactivated: killed microbes
49.
indirect contact: disease is transmitted by a contaminated non-living object ex) tissues, towels, bedding, eating and drinking, utensils, toys, syringes
50.
infection: invasion of body by pathogenic microorganism
51.
Inflammatory Response: Redness-dilation of blood vessels
Heat-excess blood flow
Swelling-increase fluid in area
Pain-pressure of nerves
Impaired function-if pain is severe enough
52.
Innate immunity: natural immunity, which is species specific ex: humans will not get tobacco mosaic virus
53.
Interleukin I: increases number of T cells, decreases amount of iron available to bacteria, and increases effect of interferon. It speeds up metabolism which helps the body repair quickest
54.
kinases: dissolve clot formed by host to isolate infection
55.
Lupus: antibodies produced against a person's own DNA and other cell components. Inflammation and kidney's problems (immune complexes deposit in the kidneys)
56.
mechanical transmission: pathogen carried on vector's body part ex) flies carry typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)
57.
mucous membranes: mechanical barrier, ciliated membranes move microorganisms toward the throat, mucous is thick and can trap microorganisms, stomach acid (ph of 1.2-3.0)
58.
mycotoxins: toxins produced by fungi
59.
Naturally acquired active immunity: antibodies are made due to direct exposure to an antigen
60.
Naturally acquired passive immunity: antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk
61.
non communicable disease: not spread form one host to another ex) tetanus and opportunistic normal flora (E. Coli in bladder infection and yeast in the vagina)
62.
non specific host defense: a general defense mechanism protects against many pathogens
63.
normal flora: microorganism that colonizes the body but does not usually result in disease
64.
Other cells involved in cellular immunity: natural killer cells, leukocytes that can attack target cells by lysis, activated macrophages, enhanced to increase their phagocytic capabilities
65.
pathogen: a disease causing microorganism
66.
pathogenicity: the ability to cause disease
67.
pathology: the scientific study of disease
68.
penetration: capsules, cell wall components, enzyme production
69.
phagocytosis: lysosomes may contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes plus superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical (OH-)
70.
plasma membrane disrupting toxins: some form holes in the membrane (ex: leukocidins, kill phagocytes), some disrupt the phospholipid portion of the membrane (clostridium perfringens kill muscle cells which produces necrotic tissue)
71.
Principles of Disease: the relationship between microorganisms and their disease causing capabilities and the host's response to them
72.
problems associated with the immune system: AIDS, rejection of transplants, Rh factors and ABO blood system
73.
Regulatory T-cells: can suppress activity of other T-cells which helps regulate the immune response
74.
Rejection of Transplants: T-cells (CTL=cytotoxic T lymphocytes) initiate rejections by destroying transplanted foreign cells on contact
75.
respiratory tract: cold, flu, TB, pneumonia
76.
Rh factor: our blood type is listed as positive (85% of population) or negative; indicating the presence of absence of the Rh factor (rhesus monkey)
77.
Rhogam: anti Rh antibodies (2nd pregnancy, becomes a problem)
78.
Second exposure to allergen: results in the release of histamine and other medicators. Histamine causes the symptoms of allergy and can cause a sudden fail in blood pressure resulting in shock.
79.
second line of defense: phagocytosis, inflammatory response
80.
shock: endotoxin exposure causes phagocytes to secret tumor necrosis factor (a cytokine) which increases permeability of capillaries leading to fluid loss, rapid drop in blood pressure which can result in shock
81.
size of antigens: antigen=10,000 + mw
average protein=100,000 mw
amino acid=100 mw
82.
skin: hookworm
83.
skin: mechanical barrier
sebum-contains fatty acids lower pH (3-5) which inhibit some pathogens
perspiration-flushing action, and it contains lysozyme (enzyme that is capable of breaking down peptidoglycan of Gram + cell walls and some gram - cell walls
84.
Strep: produce streptokinase (heart patients to help solve clots-used in a positive way)
85.
superantigens: provoke a very intense immune response involving production of enormous amounts of cytosines (cell communicator chemicals) which negatively affects the host
86.
T-dependent response: B cell needs the help of a T-helper cell to make antibodies
87.
T-independent response: antibodies are made by B cells without help from T cells ex: antibodies are made by B cells
88.
Target cells may be:: host cell infected with a virus, cancerous tumor cells, and foreign cells from transplants
89.
tears: lacrimal apparatus, flushing action, contains lysozyme
90.
toxin production: exotoxins and endotoxins (bacteria)
mycotoxins (fungi)
91.
Two types of Immune Responses: Humoral response and cell-mediated response
92.
Type A blood: has anti B antibodies
93.
Type AB blood: has both A and B antigens on RBC surface and lack anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal recipients)
94.
Type B blood: has anti A antibodies
95.
Type O blood: lacks both A and B antigens on RBC surface (universal donors)
96.
type of exotoxin: A-B toxin, plasma membrane disrupting toxins, superantigens
97.
Types of acquired immunity: naturally acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, and artificially acquired passive immunity
98.
Types of immunity: Innate and Acquired
99.
types of mycotoxins: ergot-hallucinogenic toxin
aflatoxin-mutagenic toxin in peanuts
mushrooms-neurotoxins
100.
Types of vaccines:: attenuated and inactivated
101.
Vaccines: developed by Edward Jenner-milk maids didn't get small pox; they got mad cox pox which offered protection against small pox
102.
vectors: insects or arachnids
103.
vehicle transmission: Food-incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions
water- poorly treated sewage
airborne transmission-mucus droplets that travel longer distances (tuberculosis), dust (staph and strep), and spores (histoplasmosis)
104.
virulence: the degree of measurement of pathogenicity. May involve production of cell structures and components, enzymes, or toxins
105.
What makes antibodies?: plasma cells
106.
When antibodies are bound to their antigens it can result in...: 1. neutralization of toxins, viruses, and some bacteria (antibodies block attachment to host)
2. coating of antigen to enhance phagocytosis
3. activation of complement, which may result in cell lysis
4. agglutination-reduces # of infectious units for host to deal with
