5 Written Questions

1. 1840 law that established an institution to hold public funds (tax money) and prevent excessive lending by state banks, thus guarding against inflation; this bill was a response and solution to the Panic of 1837.
2. Massachusetts schoolteacher who became a reformer after studying the conditions of the insane in poorhouses and prisons; her asylum reform effort helped garner support for institutions where the mentally ill could receive better treatment.
3. name given by Southern politicians to an 1828 tariff that threatened to hurt the South's economy while benefiting Northern and Western industrial interests; resistance to this law in S. Carolina led to a Nullification Crisis.
4. Jackson was the 1st presidents to extensively use this method of appointing officials, in which the previous president's appointees are replaced with loyal members of the winning party; Jackson claimed it was necessary to cycle bureaucrats out of government often to prevent power from becoming entrenched in government, but later political machines would form because of these precedents.
5. a leading statesmen in the first half of the nineteenth century; he started as a Federalist lawyer who won the Dartmouth College (1819) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) cases in the Supreme Court; he later became a powerful defender of northern interests, (supporting the 1828 tariff); his opposition to Jackson and to southern nullification made him a leader of the Whig Party.

5 Matching Questions

1. Trail of Tears
2. Ralph Waldo Emerson
3. Mormonism
4. Edgar Allen Poe
5. Democratic Party

1. a party formed to support Andrew Jackson following the election of 1824; in the mid to late 1800s, this party championed states' rights and fought political domination by economic elites (opposing tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other extensions of federal power); this party had its core support in the South until the 1930s during FDR's presidency, when it began to embrace a more aggressive and involved federal government. During the New Deal, Democrats began to lose the support of the white South—their traditional stronghold—and won support from farmers, urban workers, blacks, and women.
2. b religion of the Latter-Day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith in 1831; Smith's followers moved steadily westward during the early 1830s to escape religious persecution, and after Smith's murder in 1844, the new leader Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah, where they are still centered today.
3. c fiction writer of the American Romantic movement who gained popularity in the 1840s as a writer of horrific, gothic tales such as "The Raven" (1844) and "The Cask of Amontillado" (1846).
4. d forced migration that led to the deaths of approx. 4,000 Cherokee; Federal troops forced the Cherokee from their ancestral homes to Indian Territory (despite the Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia which determined that the government had no right to do so).
5. e leader of the transcendentalist movement and an advocate of American literary nationalism in the 1830s and 1840s; his most influential essays were "Nature" and "Self Reliance."

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. policies to improve economic self-sufficiency that were crafted by Henry Clay and backed by the National Republicans (Whigs): 1) high protective tariffs, 2) a re-chartering of the Bank of the US (to stabilize & unify the nation's currency), 3) federally-funded transportation improvements, and 4) high land prices (to increase federal govt revenue).
   1. Spoils system
   2. Erie Canal
   3. American System
   4. Mormonism
2. bill that authorized President Jackson to use the military to collect customs duties (and thus stop state nullification in S. Carolina); this law was made unneccessary by the Compromise Tariff of 1833.
   1. Horace Mann
   2. Force Bill
   3. Mormonism
   4. Erie Canal
3. This group's name was used many times: 1) English aristocrats who opposed overcentralization of power and who therefore sought to gain more political power at the expense of the king, 2) American colonists who supported independence, 3) the party name adopted by the "National Republicans" who opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies. This party promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. Many became active social reformers at the peak of their popularity in the 1830s. They disappeared from national politics in the 1850s (following the controversial KS-NE Act).
   1. Whigs
   2. Erie Canal
   3. Mormonism
   4. Gag rule
4. 1836 executive order was issued by Pres. Jackson in an attempt to stabilize the economy, which had been rapidly expanding since the early 1830s because of state banks' excessive lending practices and over-speculation. This policy required that all land payments be made in gold and silver rather than in paper money or credit, but the policy precipitated an economic depression known as the panic of 1837.
   1. Force Bill
   2. Henry Clay
   3. Erie Canal
   4. Specie Circular
5. spiritual/philosophic movement arose in the 1830s as a challenge to rationalism and a challenge to much organized religion; leaders like Emerson and Thoreau sought an inner, emotional understanding of God rather than a rational, institutionalized one, and they believed that truth could be found through intuition and conscience (not logic/reason); they were critical of slavery in the South and growing materialism in the North.
   1. Transcendentalism
   2. Trail of Tears
   3. Erie Canal
   4. Andrew Jackson

5 True/False Questions

1. Erie Canal → This prominent public school reformer was appointed secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837. He reformed the school system by increasing state spending on schools, lengthening the school year, dividing students into grades, and introducing standardized textbooks, among other changes. He set the standard for public school reform throughout the nation.

   True        False

2. Andrew Jackson → strong-willed Democrat who as president (1829-1837) (1) strengthened the presidency ("King Veto," spoils system), (2) limited the power of the federal govt (Bank War), (3) supported Indian removal; opponents called him a "military chieftan," because he was most famous for his leadership at the Battle of New Orleans and against Indians before he became president.

   True        False

3. Corrupt bargain → Andrew Jackson's supporters claimed that this had occurred when Jackson lost the election of 1824; in that year, Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes, but not the requisite majority and so the election was decided by the House of Representatives, where Speaker of the House Henry Clay backed John Quincy Adams for president, (ensuring Adams's victory), and Adams rewarded Clay by making him secretary of state. Following this scandal, Jackson's enraged supporters formed the Democratic Party.

   True        False

4. Panic of 1837 → forced migration that led to the deaths of approx. 4,000 Cherokee; Federal troops forced the Cherokee from their ancestral homes to Indian Territory (despite the Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia which determined that the government had no right to do so).

   True        False

5. Bank veto → Andrew Jackson's 1832 action in response to the proposed charter renewal of the Second BUS. This was the beginning of Jackson's five-year "____ war."

   True        False