Final Study Questions - From in Class Quizez
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Created by:
MarkLewinthal on April 29, 2012
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108 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem isA) thermal energy. B) light energy. C) ATP D) kinetic energy. E) chemical energy. | B) light energy. |
| 3) Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into | E) the potential energy of chemical bonds. |
| 4) Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? Archaea protists plant animal fungi | Archaea |
| 7) When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of A) negative feedback. B) protein-protein interactions. C) positive feedback. D) bioinformatic regulation. E) catalytic feedback. | negative feedback. |
| 9) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common? A) a cell wall made of cellulose B) a membrane-bounded nucleus C) linear chromosomes made of DNA and protein D) flagella or cilia that contain microtubules E) ribosomes | ribosomes |
| 10) Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A) Bacteria and Eukarya B) Eukarya and Monera C) Archaea and Monera D) Bacteria and Archaea E) Bacteria and Protista | D) Bacteria and Archaea |
| 12) A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? Animalia B) Protista C) Fungi D) Eukarya E) Archaea | Archaea |
| 24) A controlled experiment is one in which A) there are at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables. B) The experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are acurate C) The experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data D) there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment. E) there is one group for which the scientist controls all variables. | D) there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment. |
| 25) Why is it important that an experiment include a control group? A) Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested. B) The control group provides a reserve of experimental subjects C) The control group is the group that the resaercher is in control of, the group in which the researcher predetermines the results D) A control group assures that an experiment will be repeatable. E) A control group is required for the development of an "If... then" statement. | D) The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable. |
| Golden algae are a group of protists whose color is due to carotenoid pigments: yellow and brown. All are photosynthetic. A group of students was given a significant sample of dinobreyno xxxx (cant read question) 31) The students plan to gather data f rom the project. Which of the following would be the best way to present what they gather from experimental groups as opposed to controls? A) qualitatively, noting color, size, and so on B) measuring the dry weight of all new colonies in grams C) measuring the number of new colonies formed during every 12-hour period D) counting the number of new colonies after a week E) measuring the size of each new colony in millimeters (mm) of length | C) measuring the number of new colonies formed during every 12-hour period |
| 37) Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms? A) natural selection B) the structure and function of DNA C) descent with modification D) matching DNA nucleotide sequences E) emergent properties | B) the structure and function of DNA |
| 38) A controlled experiment is one that A) tests experimental and control groups in parallel. B) is supervised by an experienced scientist. C) keeps all variables constant. D) proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful records of the results. E) is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate. | A) tests experimental and control groups in parallel. |
| 21.) What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms? Polar covalent bonds Ionic bond A hydrophobic interaction A hydrogen bond A nonpolar covalent bond | Polar covalent bonds |
| 23.) What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms Covalent bonds involve the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of single electrons between atoms Covalent bonds are formed between atoms to form molecules; ionic bonds are formed between atoms to form compounds | Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms |
| 20.) When two atoms are equally electronegative they will interact to form Polar covalent bonds Ionic bonds Nonpolar covalent bonds Van der Waals interactions Hydgrogen Bonds | Nonpolar covalent bonds |
| 11.) Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon, and has a atomic mass of 12 Daltons. A mole of carbon in naturally occurring coal, however, weighs slightly more than 12 grams, why? Some carbon atoms in nature have a extra proton Some carbon atoms in nature have undergone radioactive decay Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons The atomic mass does not include the mass of electrons Some carbon atoms in nature have a different valence electron distribution. | Some carbon atoms in nature have more neutrons |
| 17.) From it's atomic number of 15, it is possible to predict that phosphorus atom has 15 electrons 15 neutrons 15 protons and 15 electrons 15 protons 8 electrons in its outer most electron shell | 15 protons and 15 electrons |
| 18.) Atoms whose outer electron shells contain 8 electrons tend to? Form hydrogen bonds in aqueous solutions Be stable and chemically nonreactive or inert Be both chemically inert and gaseous at room temperature Form ions in aqueous solutions Be gaseous at room temperature | Be both chemically inert and gaseous at room temperature |
| 1.) About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? Carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen Carbon, Sodium, hydrogen, nitrogen Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen Oxygen, Hydrogen, Calcium, Nitrogen | Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
| .) Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebras, but not by other organism such as bacteria or plants? Calcium Sodium Iodine Nitrogen Phosphorus | Iodine |
| 5.) Why is each element unique and different from other elements in chemical properties? Each element has a unique number of neutrons in it's nucleus Each element has a unique number of protons in it's nucleus Each element has a unique atomic weight Each element has a unique atomic mass Each element has a different radioactive properties | Each element has a unique number of protons in it's nucleus |
| 6.) Knowing just the atomic mass of an element allows inferences about which of the following? The number of protons in the element Both the number of protons and the chemical properties of the element The number of protons plus neutrons in the element The chemical properties of the element The number of neutrons in the element | The number of protons plus neutrons in the element |
| 7.) In what way are elements in the same column of the periodic table the same? They have the same number of electron shells They have the same number of protons They have the same number of neutrons They have the same number of electrons in the valence shell They have the same number of electrons | They have the same number of electrons in the valence shell |
| 8.) Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of a oxygen atom? Approximately 16 daltons Exactly 8 daltons 24 amu (atomic mass units) Exatctly 8 grams Approximately 16 grams | Approximately 16 daltons |
| 9.) The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen? The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 14 daltons and an atomic mass of 7. The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and a atomic mass of approximately 14 daltons The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of 7 grams. The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 14 The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 7 daltons and an atomic mass of 14 | The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and a atomic mass of approximately 14 daltons |
| 10.) Molybdenum has an atomic number of 42. Several common isotopes exist, with mass numbers of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. Therefore, which of the following can be true? The isotopes of molybdenum have different electron configurations The isotopes of molybdenum can have between 50 and 58 protons Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons The isotopes of molybdenum have between 50 and 58 protons and have different electron configurations The isotopes of molybdenum have between 50 and 58 neutrons and have different electron configurations. | Molybdenum atoms can have between 50 and 58 neutrons |
| 12.) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below: Atom 1 (H 1, 1), Atom 2 (H 3,1) They are isomers They are polymers They each contain 1 neutron They contain 1 and 3 protons, respectivly They are isotopes | They are isotopes |
| 13.) The precise weight of a mole of some pure elements like silicon (Si) can vary slightly from the standard atomic mass, or even from sample to sample, why? The atoms of the element form chemical bonds with each other, and that changes the weight of the element The element may have multiple stable isotopes, and the isotopic composition may vary from sample to sample The element may react with itself and gain or lose subatomic particles The amount of energy absorbed by the element affects the mass of its electron , and thus the atomic mass can vary slightly The element may undergo radioactive decay | The element may have multiple stable isotopes, and the isotopic composition may vary from sample to sample |
| 14.) One difference between the following 2 variations of the element carbon is? Carbon-12 (C, 12, 6) , Carbon-14 (C, 14, 6) Two more electrons and two more neutrons than carbon - 12 Two more electrons than carbon-12 Two more protons than carbon-12 Two more neutrons than carbon -12 Two more protons and two more neutrons than carbon-12 | Two more neutrons than carbon -12 |
| 15.) An atom has 6 electrons in it's outter shell. How many unpaired electrons does it have 2 0 4 2 or 4 6 | 2 |
| 16.) The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen -15 is heavier than nitrogen -14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen -15 contains how many neutrons? 7 6 8 14 12 | 8 |
| 19.) A covalent chemical bond is one in which Protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms Outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms Outer-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to fill the inner electron shell of another atom Electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged An electron occupies a hybrid orbital located between the nuclei of two atoms | Outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms |
| 22.) A covalent bond is likely to be polar when? The two atoms sharing electrons are different elements One of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom Oxygen is one of the two atoms sharing electrons One of the atoms has absorbed more energy than the other atom The two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative | One of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom |
| 24.) Which bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water? Covalent bond Ionic bond Hydrogen bond Either covalent bonds or ionic bonds Van der Waals Interactions | Covalent bond |
| 25.) Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another? Hydrophobic Interaction Nonpolar covalent bonds Polar covalent bond Ionic bond Hydrogen bond | Hydrogen bond |
| .) Which of the following correctly describes chemical equilibrium? There are equal concentrations of reactants and products, and the reactions have stopped Concentrations of products are higher than the concentrations of reactants Reactions stop only when all reactants have been concerted to products Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products Forward and reverse reactions have stopped so that the concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products | Forward and reverse reactions continue with no effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products |
| 29.) Which of the following correctly describes any reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium? The rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction All of the reactants have been converted to the products of the reaction All the products have been converted to the reactants of the reaction The concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products Both the forward and the reverse reactions have stopped with no net effect on the concentration of the reactants and the products | The rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction |
| Compared with 31 P, the radioactive isotope 32P has? A different atomic number One more proton A different charge One more neutron One more electron | One more neutron |
| 31.) The reactivity of an atom arises from? The energy difference between the s and p orbital The average distance of the outermost electron shell from the nucleus The sum of the potential energies of all the electron shells The potential energy of the valence shell The existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell | The existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell |
| In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by: A) van der Waals interactions. B) ionic bonds. C) nonpolar covalent bonds. D) hydrogen bonds. E) polar covalent bonds. | E) polar covalent bonds. |
| 2) The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? A) a hydrophilic bond B) a hydrogen bond C) a covalent bond D) a van der Waals interaction E) an ionic bond | B) a hydrogen bond |
| 3) The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because A) the oxygen atom forms hybrid orbitals that distribute electrons unequally around the oxygen nucleus. B) the oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valence shell that are not neutralized by hydrogen atoms. C) one of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom. D) The electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus. E) the oxygen atom acquires an additional electron. | D) The electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus. |
| 4) Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water? A) Evaporation of sweat from the skin helps to keep people from overheating. B) A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. C) Lakes don't freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures. D) Water flows upward from the roots to the leaves in plants. E) Organisms resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions. | B) A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. |
| 5) Which of the following takes place as an ice cube cools a drink? A) Kinetic energy in the drink decreases. B) The specific heat of the water in the drink decreases. C) A calorie of heat energy is transferred from the ice to the water of the drink. D) Molecular collisions in the drink increase. E) Evaporation of the water in the drink increases. | A) Kinetic energy in the drink decreases. |
| 7) Liquid water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the: A) fact that water is a poor heat conductor. B) small size of the water molecules. C)absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form. D.)higher density of liquid water than solid water (ice). E) high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. | C)absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form. |
| 8) Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize? A) hydrogen bonds B) polar covalent bonds C) both hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds D) ionic bonds E) both polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds | A) hydrogen bonds |
| 9.)Temperature usually increases when water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon? A) reactions with other atmospheric compounds B) the high surface tension of water C) the release of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds D) the change in density when it condenses to form a liquid or solid E) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds | E) the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds |
| 10) Why does evaporation of water from a surface cause cooling of the surface? A) The expansion of water vapor extracts heat from the surface. B) The breaking of bonds between water molecules absorbs heat. C) The water molecules with the most heat energy evaporate more readily. D) Water molecules absorb heat from the surface in order to acquire enough energy to evaporate. E) The solute molecules left behind absorb heat. | ) The water molecules with the most heat energy evaporate more readily. |
| 11) Why does ice float in liquid water? A) Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water. B) The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking. C) The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water. D) The high surface tension of liquid water keeps the ice on top. E) Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat. | ) Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water. |
| 14) A strong acid like HCl: A) increases the pH when added to an aqueous solution. B) both ionizes completely in aqueous solutions and is a strong buffer at low pH. C) reacts with strong bases to create a buffered solution. D) ionizes completely in an aqueous solution. E) is a strong buffer at low pH. | D) ionizes completely in an aqueous solution. |
| 15) Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong base (alkali)? A) NaCl B) HCl C) NaOH D) H2C03 E) NH3 | C) NaOH |
| 16) If the pH of a solution is decreased from 9 to 8, it means that the A) concentration of OH has increased tenfold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9. B) concentration of OH has decreased to one tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9. C) Concentration of H has increased tenfold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9. D) Concentration of H has increased tenfold (10X) and the concentration OH has decreased one-tenth (1/10) what they were at pH 9. E) concentration of H has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9. | ) Concentration of H has increased tenfold (10X) and the concentration OH has decreased onetenth (1/10) what they were at pH 9. |
| 17) If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the A) concentration of H is 100 times greater and the concentration of OH is one-hundredth (0.01x) what they were at pH 5. B) concentration of H is half (1/2) what it was at pH 5. C) concentration of H is twice (2X) what it was at pH 5. D) concentration of OH is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5. E.) Concentration of OH is one-hundreth (0.01x) what it was at pH 5. | D) concentration of OH is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5. |
| 18) Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions? A) They maintain a constant pH when acids are added to them but not when bases are added to them. B) They maintain a constant pH when bases are added to them but not when acids are added to them. C) They maintain a relatively constant pH of approximately 7 when either acids or bases are added to them. D.) They are found only in living systems and biological fluids. E.) They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them. | E.) They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them. |
| 19) Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by A) donating H to a solution when bases are added. B) releasing H to a solution when acids are added. C) releasing OH to a solution when bases are added. D.)both donating H+ to a solution when bases are added, and accepting H+ when acids are added. E) accepting H from a solution when acids are added. | D.)both donating H+ to a solution when bases are added, and accepting H+ when acids are added. |
| 20) Research indicates that acid precipitation can damage living organisms by A) increasing the OH concentration of lakes and streams. B) buffering aquatic systems such as lakes and streams. C) both decreasing the+ H concentration of lakes and streams and increasing the OH cocnentration of lakes and streams D) decreasing the H concentration of lakes and streams. E) washing away certain mineral ions that help buffer soil solution and are essential nutrients for plant growth. | E) washing away certain mineral ions that help buffer soil solution and are essential nutrients for plant growth. |
| 21) If a solution has a pH of 7, this means that: A) This is a solution of pure water B) the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water C) this is a solution of pure water, and the concentration of H+ ions equal the concentration of OH- ions in the water D) There are no H+ ions in the water E) This is a solutions of pure water, and the concentrartion of H+ ions in the water is - is M | B) the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water |
| 22) How would acidification of seawater affect marine organisms? A) Acidification would decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and promote faster growth of corals and shell building animals. B) Acidification would increase dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shellbuilding animals. C) Acidification would decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shellbuilding animals. D) Acidification would increase dissolved carbonate concentrations and promote faster growth of corals and shellbuilding animals. E) Acidification would increase dissolved bicarbonate concentrations, and cause increased calcification of corals and shellfish. | C) Acidification would decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shellbuilding animals. |
| 23) The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are: A) covalent bonds between atoms within water molecules. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) hydrogen bonds between water molecules. E) ionic bonds. | D) hydrogen bonds between water molecules. |
| 26) Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? A) 4% B) 10-4M C) 104M D) 10-10 M E) 4.0 M | B) 10-4M |
| 9) Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers? A) They have different molecular formulas. B) Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences. C.)They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. D) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images. E) They have the same chemical properties. | C.)They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. |
| 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) phosphorus B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) carbon | carbon |
| 2) The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to the variety of rare elements in organic molecules. B) the fact that they can be synthesized only in living organisms. C) the chemical versatility of carbon atoms. D) their interaction with water. E) their tremendously large sizes. | C) the chemical versatility of carbon atoms. |
| 3)How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete it's valence shell? 4 1 2 3 8 | 4 |
| 4) A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A) ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds B) hydrogen C) covalent D) Covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds E) ionic | covalent |
| 5) How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10? A) 4 B) 11 C) 2 D) 1 E) 3 | C) 2 |
| 7) Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? A) They are lighter than water. B) They are hydrophilic. C) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. D) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. E) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. | The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. |
| 8) Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula. B) Testosterone and estradiol are enantiomers of the same organic molecule. C) Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton. D) Testosterone and estradiol have distinctly different chemical structures, with one including four fused rings of carbon atoms, while the other has three rings. E) Testosterone and estradiol are cis-trans isomers but have the same molecular formula. | C) Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton. |
| 11) Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons. B) differ in the location of their double bonds. C) exist in either linear chain or ring forms. D) differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bonds. E) are mirror images of one another. | E) are mirror images of one another. |
| 12) Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups? They are found in aminoacids. B) They contain nitrogen. C) They are components of urea. D) They are nonpolar. E)They are basic in pH | D) They are nonpolar. |
| 13) Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? A) carboxyl and amino B) amino and sulfhydryl C) carbonyl and amino D) ketone and methyl E) hydroxyl and carboxyl | A) carboxyl and amino |
| 14) Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group? A) carbonyl B) hydroxyl C) amino D) carboxyl E) phosphate | carboxyl |
| 20) Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, A) or molecules that are mirror images of one another and have the same biological activity. B) are cis-trans isomers. C) are mirror images of one another. D) have identical three-dimensional shapes. E) are structural isomers | C) are mirror images of one another. |
| 21) Which action could produce a carbonyl group? A) the replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen B) the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carboxyl C) the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl D) the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen E) the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate | A) the replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen |
| 22) Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? carbonyl B) phosphate C) amino D) carboxyl E) hydroxyl | amino |
| Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions? A) hydroxyl groups B) either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups C) carbonyl groups D) either carbonyl or carboxyl groups E) carboxyl groups | either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups |
| Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions? A) DNA B) protein C) amylase D) disaccharides E) fatty acids | fatty acids |
| Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers? A) carbohydrates B) lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids all consist of only macromolecular polymers C) nucleic acids D) lipids E) proteins | carbohydrates |
| Which of the following is not a polymer? A) chitin B) cellulose C) starch D) glucose E) DNA | glucose |
| What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? A) ionic bonding of monomers B) phosphodiester linkages C) hydrolysis D) dehydration reactions E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers | dehydration reactions |
| Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. B) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. C) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable. D) Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers. E) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. | Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers |
| Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen? A) glycogen B) starch C) chitin D) cellulose E) amylopectin | Chitin |
| The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the "a" form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A) chitin B) glycogen and chitin only C) cellulose D) glycogen E) glycogen, cellulose, and chitin | Glycogen |
| Which of the following is true of cellulose? A) It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose, it is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells, it is digestible by bacteria in the human gut, and it is a major component of plant cell walls. B) It is digestible by bacteria in the human gut. C) It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. D) It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. E) It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose. | It is a major structural component of plant cell walls |
| Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the a glycosidic linkages of starch but not the glycosidic linkages of cellulose. B) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is glucose with a nitrogen-containing group. C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze theglycosidic linkages of starch but not the a glycosidic linkages of cellulose. D) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose. E) humans harbor starch-digesting bacteria in the digestive tract. | Humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the "a" glycosidic linkages of starch but not the "B" glycosidic linkages of cellulose |
| Which of the following statements conceming saturated fats is not true? A) They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. B) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis. C) They are more common in animals than in plants. D) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. E) They generally solidify at room temperature. | They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids |
| A molecule with the formula C18 H36 O2 is probably a A) carbohydrate. B) nucleic acid. C) protein. D) hydrocarbon. E) fatty acid | Fatty Acid |
| Which of the following statements is true for the class of biological molecules known as lipids? A) They are made from glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate. B) They contain less energy than proteins and carbohydrates. C) They contain nitrogen. D) They are made by dehydration reactions. E) They are insoluble in water. | They are insoluable in water |
| Which of the following is true regarding saturated fatty acids? A) They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids. B) They are usually produced by plants. C) They are the predominant fatty acid in com oil. D) They are the principal molecules in lard and butter. E) They are usually liquid at room temperature. | They are the principal molecules in lard and butter |
| Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement? A) cellulose B) DNA C) a contractile protein D) an enzyme E) a steroid | A steroid |
| Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures? A) creating cis double bonds to the fatty acids B) adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids C) creating trans double bonds to the fatty acids D) adding hydrogens to the fatty acids E) adding cis double bonds and trans double bonds to the fatty acids | adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids |
| All of the following contain amino acids except A) hemoglobin. B) antibodies. C) insulin. D) cholesterol. E) enzymes. | cholesterol |
| The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires A) the addition of a water molecule. B) the release of a water molecule. C) the release of a nitrous oxide molecule. D) the release of a carbon dioxide molecule. E) the addition of a nitrogen atom | The release of a water molecule |
| There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? A) different structural and optical isomers B) different asymmetric carbons C) different side chains (R groups) attached to the amino groups D) different side chains (R groups) attached to a carboxyl carbon E) different side chains (R groups) attached to an a carbon | different side chains (R groups) attached to an "a" carbon |
| The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires which of the following? A) removal of a water molecule B) both removal of a water molecule and formation of a hydrogen bond C) formation of a hydrogen bond D) addition of a water molecule E) formation of a glycosidic bond | removal of a water molecule |
| Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they A) are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions. B) all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks. C) are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. D) are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. E) are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis. | are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions |
| Dehydration reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds? A) triacylglycerides and proteins only B) triacylglycerides C) triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins D) polysaccharides E) proteins | triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins |
| What aspects of protein structure are stabilized or assisted by hydrogen bonds? A) secondary structure B) quaternary structure C) primary structure D) secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure E) tertiary structure | secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure |
| Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein? A) peptide bonds B) peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds C) disulfide bonds D) phosphodiester bonds E) hydrogen bonds | peptide bonds |
| What maintains the secondary structure of a protein? A) hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond B) disulfide bonds C) hydrophobic interactions D) peptide bonds E) hydrogen bonds between the R groups | hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond |
| Which type of interaction stabilizes the a helix and the "B" pleated sheet structures of proteins? A) peptide bonds B) ionic bonds C) disulfide bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) hydrophobic interactions | hydrogen bonds |
| Which level of protein structure do the "a" helix and the "B" pleated sheet represent? A) secondary B) primary C) tertiary D) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary E) quaternary | secondary |
| The amino acids of the protein keratin are arranged predominantly in an "a" helix. This secondary structure is stabilized by: A) ionic bonds. B) hydrogen bonds. C) peptide bonds. D) covalent bonds. E) polar bonds. | hydrogen bonds |
| The tertiary structure of a protein is the: A) Organization of a polypeptide chain into a "A" helix or "B" pleated sheet B) Overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits C) Bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds D) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide E) Order in which amino acids are joined in polypeptic chain | unique three-dimensional shape of fully folded polypeptide |
| In a normal cellular protein, where would you expect to find a hydrophobic amino acid like valine? A) in the interior of the folded protein, away from water B) on the exterior surface of the protein, interacting with water C) in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains D) anywhere in the protein, with equal probability E) in the transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains | in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains |
| Which of the following techniques uses the amino acid sequences of polypeptides to predict a protein's threedimensional structure? A) bioinformatics B) analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments C) NMR spectroscopy D) high-speed centrifugation E) X-ray crystallography | bioinformatics |
| One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to: A) transmit genetic information to offspring B) Form the genes of higher organisms C) Act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA D) Function in the synthesis of protiens E) make a copy of itself, thus ensureing genetic continuity | function in the synthesis of proteins |
| Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? A) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the consumption of water B) the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water C) the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water D) the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water E) the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water | the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the consumption of water |
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