| Term | Definition |
|---|
| mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. |
| Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. |
| Cape of Good Hope | The southern tip of Africa |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) |
| Ferdinand Magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. Was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. |
| cultural determinism | cultural influences determine the behaviors and personalities of people |
| economic determinism | A country is determined by its economic system, not its political system. |
| technological determinism | The force propelling social change is the introduction of new tools and machines. |
| Dutch/British East India Company | Government charted joint-stock companies that controlled spice trade in the East Indies |
| smallpox | a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules. |
| Lepanto | Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope |
| mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests |
| mestizo | a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry) |
| isolationism | a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations |
| Vasco Nuñez de Balboa | a Spaniard who, in 1513, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached an ocean, naming it the South Sea, and claimed it for Spain. |
| Fransisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. |
| Atahuallpa | leader of Incas killed by the Spanish |
| New France | French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. |
| Seven Years War | (1756-1763) Solved what the War of Austrian Succession had not. Prussia and Great Britain fought off France, Austria, and Russia |
| Treaty of Paris | This treaty ended the Seven Years War |
| Cape Colony | a former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814 |
| Boers | Dutch settlers in south Africa |
| Calcutta | Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal. |
| Petrarch | (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. |
| Machiavelli | Wrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for noblemen |
| humanism | a philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance |
| Northern Renaissance | the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature |
| Gutenberg | German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) |
| Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. |
| indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. |
| Protestantism | The beliefs of Christians who opposed, or protested against, the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s; the beliefs of people who follow a non-Catholic religion today. |
| Anglican Church | Created by Henry VIII; the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs) |
| John Calvin | Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) |
| Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447) |
| Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598, decree by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants |
| Thirty Years War | (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. |
| Treaty of Westphalia | treaty that ended the 30 Years' War |
| English Civil War | This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished |
| Proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages |
| Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) |
| Kepler | This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun |
| Galileo Galilei | Scientist who built the first telescope and proved that planets and moons move. Persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas |
| William Harvey | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood |
| Descartes | (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. |
| Isaac Newton | English Scientist; discovered 3 Laws of motion and Mathematics Principal of Natural Philosophy (1687). |
| Deism | The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny. |
| John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. |
| absolute monarchy | a monarchy in which the ruler's power is unlimited |
| Louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) |
| parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments |
| Frederick the Great | King of Prussia (1740–1786). Successful in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), he brought Prussia great military prestige in Europe. |
| Enlightenment | The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which the philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices. |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women |
| Encyclopedie | Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society; compiled by Denis Diderot |
| noble savage | The idea that primitive human beings are naturally good and that whatever evil they develop is the product of the corrupting action of civilization. |
| Ivan the Great | Ruler of Russia. Expanded control to Northern Russia; recovered land from Slavic states; absolute rule. |
| Ivan the Terrible | first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war |
| cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. |
| Time of Troubles | Followed Ivan IV's death in 1584. period of famine, power struggles and war, Sweden and Poland conquered Moscow |
| serf | a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord |
| Romanov dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles: Ruled Russia until 1917 |
| Alexis Romanov | (Russia) Successor to Michael, 2nd Monarch, abolished assemblies of monarchs, strengthened ties to Orthodox Church |
| Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. |
| Peter the Great | czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government |
| St. Petersburg | Capital city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. |
| Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) |
| Pugachev rebellion | led by an illiterate Cossack, mass revolt with unhappy peasants; stopped when government executed Pugachev; Catherine the Great represses peasantry and makes no more reforms |
| Partition of Poland | division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. |
| Columbian exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. |
| Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |
| Fransisco Coronado | Spanish explorer, explored most of the Southwest U.S. |
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