Microbiology Lecture test 4
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jessvilla12 on April 29, 2012
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Innate immunity | All body defenses that protect the body against any kind of pathogen |
| Adaptive Immunity | Defense (antibodies)against specific microorganisms |
| First line of defense: Skin and mucous | physical barrier and nonspecific chemicals |
| Physical factors | Intact layer of skin, tears, saliva, mucus |
| Chemical factors | Sebum, Perspiration, Lysozyme, Gastric juice |
| Sebum | Unsaturatted fatty acids inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria (bacteria commonly found on skin can metabolize sebum and cause inflammatory response associated with acne.) |
| Perspiration | washes microorganisms off skin |
| Lysozyme | Found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and perspiration |
| Gastric juice | Prevents microbial growth in the stomach by high acidity |
| Second line of defense | Phagocytes, inflammation fever and antimicrobial substances |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells (granulocytes, agranulocytes) |
| Granulocytes: neutophils | The most important phagocytes |
| Granulocytes: basophils | Produce histamine |
| Granulocytes: Eosinophils | Produce toxic substances against parasites |
| Agranulocytes: Monocytes | Mature into macrophages |
| Agranulocytes: Dendrite cells | Derived from monocytes, are phagocytes and initiate the adaptive immune system |
| Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes | T-cells and B-cells |
| Platelets | Function in blood clotting |
| Inflammation | Characterized by redness, pain heat, swelling, and sometimes the loss of function |
| Vasodilatation | Release of histamine, Kinins, and prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increase permeability of blood vessels. |
| Fever | A chill indicates a rise in body temp. |
| Crisis (sweating) | Indicates the body temp is falling |
| C3 | activation begins the cascade in all three pathways (classical, alternative, and lectin) |
| Interferons | a-IFN and B-IFN induce uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs) that prevent viral replication. |
| Interferons | Host cell-specific but not virus-specific. |
| y-interferon | activates neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria. |
| Y= | Gamma |
| Antigen | Chemical substance that causes the body to produce specific antibody (Ab) then binds with Ab |
| Antibodies | (immunoglobulin): protein produced by B cells in response to a specific antigen. |
| IgG | Monomer, 80% of serum abs, fix complement, In blood lymph and intestine, cross placenta, enhanced phagocytosis, half life = 23 days |
| IgM | Pentamer, 5-10% of serum abs, Fix complement, in blood and lymph, agglutinates- 1st antibody produced during infection |
| IgA | Dimer, 10-15% of serum abs, In secretions, mucosal protection, half-life of 6 days |
| IgD | Monomer, 0.2% of serum abs, In blood and lymph, on B cells, initiate immune response |
| IgE | Monomer, 0.002% of serum abs, on mast cells, on basophils and in blood, allergic reaction; lysis of paracitic worms, half life of 2 days |
| Immunology memory: Primary response | First contact with an antigen characterized by the apperance of IgM the IgG. Because IgG in longer lasting then IgM, and forms second, its presence in serum may only indicate the patient has been exposed to the antigen sometime in the past. |
| Types of adaptive immunity | Acquired active immunity, Acquired Passive immunity, Artifically Acquired Active Immunity, Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity |
| Acquired Active immunity | Results from infection, immunity may be long-lasting |
| Acquired passive immunity | antibodies transferred from mother to fetus or to a newborn in colostrum |
| Artificially acquired active immunity | Results from vaccination and can be long-lasting |
| Artificially acquired passive immunity | humoral antibodies acquired by injection; can las a few weeks. |
| Serology | The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens. |
| Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin in 1928 |
| Anti-microbial drugs | Chemotherapy, antimicrobial drug, antibiotic, selective toxicity |
| Polypeptide antibodies: terracyclin | Broad spectrum natural penicillin produced by fungus |
| Penicillin | Inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria |
| Polymyxin B | causes injury to plasma membranes and is recommended for gram-negative bacteria |
| Natural penicillins | produced by penicilluim are effective against gram-positive cocci and spirochetes |
| antifungal drugs | Polyenes |
| Polyenes | Nystatin and amphotericin B |
| Drug resistance | Resistance can be minimized by the discriminating use of drugs in appropriate concentration and dosages. |
| Synergistic | They are more effective when taken together |
| Antagonistic | Taken together, both drugs become less effective |
| Broad spectrum drug | Tetracycline, affect a more diverse range of microbes |
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