Ch11: Cognition
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 memory | human capacity to register, retain, and remember information |
| information processing model of memory | encoding, storage, and retrieval |
| encoding | process of putting information into the memory system |
| storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| levels of processing theory or semantic network theory | the ability to form memories depends upon the depth of the processing |
| shallow processing | structural encoding emphasizes structure of incoming sensory information |
| deep processing | semantic encoding involved forming an association or attaching meaning to a sensory impression and result in longer lasting memories |
| self reference effect or self referent encoding | processing information deemed important or relevant more deeply, making it easier to recall |
| sensory memory | memory system that holds external events from the senses for up to a few seconds |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli |
| acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, esp words |
| echoic memory | momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli |
| selective attention | the focusing of awareness on stimuli in sensory memory that facilitates its encoding into STM |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of information about space, time, and frequency that occurs without interfering with our thinking about other things |
| parallel processing | natual mode of information processing that involved several information stream simultaneously |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort |
| feature extraction | finding a match for new raw information in sensory storage by actively searching through long-term memory |
| rehearsal | consious repetition of information to either maintain information in STM or to encod it for storage |
| maintenance rehearsal | repetition that keeps information in STM about 20 seconds |
| elaborative rehearsal | repetition that creates associations between the new memory and existing memories stored in LTM |
| chunking | grouping information into meaningful units increasing the capacity of STM |
| method of loci | uses visualization with familiary objects on a path to recall information in a list |
| peg word system | uses association of terms to be remembered with a memorized scheme |
| baddeley's working memory model | a more complex model than just passive STM; includes phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, and central executive |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one consiously knows and can verbalize. explicit memory is subdivided into semantic memory and episodic memory |
| semantic memory | general knowledge or objective facts |
| episodic memory | memory of personally experienced events |
| implicit memory | retention without conscious recollction fo learning the skills and dispositions |
| procedural memory | memories of perceptual motor and cognitive skills |
| concepts | mental representations of related things |
| prototypes | the most typical examples of a concept |
| semantic networks | more irregular and distorted systems than strict hierarchies, with multiple links from one concept to others |
| flashbulb memory | vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| connectionism | theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons, many of which can work together to process a single memory |
| artificial intelligence | a field of study in which computer programs are designed to stimulate human cognitive abilities such as reasoning, learning, and understanding language |
| long term potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation and possibly the neural basis for learning and memory, involving an increase in the efficiency with which signals are sent across the synapses within neural networks |
| thalamus | involved in encoding sensory memory into STM |
| hippocampus | involved in putting information from STM into LTM |
| amygdala | involved in the storage of emotional memories |
| cerebellum | processes implicit memories and seems to store procedural memory and classically conditioned memories |
| priming | activating specific associations in memory either consciously or unconsciously |
| recognition | identification of something as familiar such as MC and matching on a test |
| recall | retrieval of information from LTM in the absence of any other information or cues such as for an essay or fill in the blank |
| confabulation | process of combining and substituting memories from events other than the one you're trying to remember |
| misinformation effect | incorporation of misleading information into memories of a given event |
| encoding specificity principle | retrieval depends upon the match between the way information is encoded and the way it is retrieved |
| context-dependent memory | physical setting in which a person learns information is encoded along with the information and becomes part of the memory trace |
| mood dependent memory | tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's congruent mood |
| distributed practive | spreading out the memorization of information or the learning of skills over several sessions typically produces better retrieval than massed practice |
| massed practice | cramming the memorization of information or the learning of skills into one session |
| forgetting | the inability to retrieve previously stored information |
| tip of the tongue phenomenon | the often temporary inability to access information accompanied by a feeling that the information is in LTM |
| overlearning | continuing to practice after memorizing information makes it more resistant to forgetting |
| metacognition | think about how you think |
| algorithm | problem solving strategy that involves a step by step procedure that guarantees a solution to certain types of problems |
| heuristic | a problem solving strategy used as a mental shortcut to quickly simplify and solve a problem, but that does not guarantee a correct solution |
| availability heuristic | a tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind |
| representativeness heuristic | tendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype |
| framing | the way an issue is stated |
| anchoring effect | tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point |
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