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Human Motor Development The study of changes in human movement behavior across the lifespan, the processes that underlie these changes, and the factors that affect them. Elements of Motor Development Qualitative, sequential, individual, cumulative, directional, multifactorial. Domains of Motor Development Cognitive (brain), Affective (emotional), Physical (body), Psychomotor (all types of physical/bodily change). Mountain of Motor Development Reflexive, preadaptive, fundamental patterns, context specific, skillful, compensational. Process vs. Product Approach Processes change with time, products change as a finished product or outcome. 3 Periods of Prenatal Development Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal Periods. 1. Germinal Period First 2 weeks; Contains Mitosis & Implantation. 2. Embryonic Period Weeks 2 - 8; Organ system formation (differentiation); Endoderm (digestive & respiratory), Ectoderm (nervous & sensory), Mesoderm (circulatory & muscles). 3. Fetal Period Weeks 9 - Birth; Rapid body growth, Prenatal Nutrition Poor nutrition = low weight, malformations, cardiac deformities, mental retardation. Prenatal Exercise Weigh less, gain less, smaller babies, easier delivery, activity level decreases as pregnancy progresses Prenatal Drug Use Terotogens - drugs/chemicals that cause abnormal fetal development. FAS - weigh less, avg. IQ 67, Prenatal Weight Gain Avg. 25 - 35 lbs Trimester Overview 1. Development, damage can have serious effects. 2. Fastest Velocity Growth 3. Addition of weight, immune system development Directionality in Growth Cephalocaudal: From the head down Proximaldistal: From the center out Postural Control A voluntary movement group including head control, up-right posture, balance, and stability. Creeping & Crawling Crawling: Happens first, inefficient combat crawl. Creeping: Follows crawling, more efficient with body elevated off of the floor Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Hand Movements Intrinsic: Involving only one's self. ie. Handwriting Extrinsic: Involving factors outside the body. ie. Passing something to someone 3 Phases of Writing Development Supinated Grasp: Palm up, most elementary. Pronated Grasp: Palm down Dynamic Tripod: Thumb, middle, and index fingers all grip the writing utensil Fundamental Skill Gender Differences ... Catching Stages Stage 1: Delay, arms face up Stage 2: Hug, palms in Stage 3: Scoop under ball and trap against chest Stage 4: Only hands catch Stage 5: Feet move to catch Catching Constraints Ball & environmental characteristics. Improving visual perception: 2 Yrs: Focused on tosser vs. the ball 5 Yrs: Good focus, can anticipate direction of ball 15 Yrs: Can predict ball's flight Infant Walking High arm position, feet wide, flat footed, toes faced outward Walking Constraints Leg strength & equilibrium Affects on Walking Speeds Determined by stride length & frequency. Increased neuromuscular control is necessary to increase stride length, so infants must increase stride frequency to increase speed. Step frequency decreases with age. Gait Cycle Swing Phase, Support Phase, & Double Support Phase Motor Development & Obesity Obesity can delay certain motor milestones Epiphyseal Factors & Motor Development Bone-age Body Types Mesomorphic: Mostly muscle Endomorphic: More fat composition Ectomorphic: Long & lean Adolescent Awkwardness Due to a rapid increase in height & limb length and the inconsitencies it produces within the sensory motor system & proprioception Scaman's Curve Neural, lymphoid, general, and genital Growth Charts Can help predict height & weight in infants over the age of 2 based on age, status, genetic make-up, and head circumference. Childhood Aerobic Training vs. Adolescent Aerobic Capacity Gradual decrease in VO2 max with age. Exercise 3 days per week for 30 min/day at 60-80% HR max can alter this decline. Gender Differences in Maturation Boys: CV endurance, muscular strength/endurance, body composition Girls: Flexibility Cardiovascular Fitness over the Lifespan It has been suggested that as much as 50% of the functional declines in the factors affecting physical performance are due to disuse and not aging. Exercise 3-5 days/week, 20-60 min/session, at 60-90% HR max Aging Stereotypes Ageism: The negative view that people have for the elderly Gait Cycle Changes Balance & postural sway during the 6th decade, decrease velocity, decrease step length & increased width, toe-out tendencies, decreased step height Age Grading Calculation based on age and activity level. Anthropoligicaly is your social class based on age. Fitness Needs of the Elderly Increases strength, maintains body weight, preserves locomotion, improves balance, decreases prevalence of falls. Why do Children Play Sports ... Ideal Sport Scenarios for Children ... Effective Coaching for Children ... Bill of Rights for Young Athletes ...