Bones stones human evolution
Order by
108 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Why did Ernst Haeckel predict that early humans would be found in Southeast Asia? | Geography would have differentiated us from African apes |
| Homo erectus | Asia 1.4 mya-250 mya Prominent super orbital torus Small teeth |
| Homo ergaster | Asia 1.9-500 mya Reduced orbital torus Thinner cranial bones no keel round skull |
| What selection pressures may have influenced the evolution of larger body size and obligate bipedalism in H. erectus/H. ergaster? | Change from forest to savanna Exposure to sun more predators greater distance to travel |
| Why might H. erectus have been the first hominin to expand its range outside of Africa? | Technology, anatomical changes, subsitence |
| Ernst Haeckel | Discovered, described, and named 100s of new species |
| Eugene Dubois | Discovered homo erectus in java |
| Zhoukoudian | Cave system in China where h. erectus was found |
| Franz Weidenreich | Proposed 1940 candelabra theory |
| Homo erectus | Cranial capacity-800-100 Large body Modern human limb proportions+pelvis Robust bones |
| Java | Cave in zkoukoudian where H. erectus was found |
| Supraorbital torus | Ridge on frontal bone above eye socket. H. erectus is prominent |
| Occipital torus | Ridge on bone running horizontally along crest of skull |
| Sagital Keel | Rounded ridge along crest of skull. H. erectus has |
| Homo ergaster (workman) | No sagittal keel Large body Modern limbs+pelvis Robust bones |
| Koobi Fora | Where H. ergaster was found |
| postcranial features | Features near back of head |
| Acheulean industry | lower paleolithc |
| Acheulean Handaxe | Stone tool used by H.erectus |
| Core-based tool | Tool made from core, not flake |
| Bifacial | Two distinct sides |
| Earliest evidence of fire | 500,000 |
| What are the specific claims of both the Multiregional Evolution model and the Replacement model regarding origin of modern humans? | Multiregional-Race developed 1.8 mya but species is due to gene flow Replacement-All races evolve from H. ergaster |
| What predictions does each model make regarding the pattern of evolution in each major region of the Old World? | Multiregional-Recent humans should be more like neandertals etc |
| Franz Weidenreich's "Regional Continuity" model | 1940's candelbra theory. H. sapeins had multiple origins |
| Wolpoff and Thorne's "Multiregional Evolution" | 1988 H. sapiens evolved in Africa and migrated |
| Do we see continuity in each major region of the Old World at the origin of "Archaic" Homo sapiens? | Yes, fossils |
| African Archaic | Arches over both eyes Large nose 1200cc strong occiptal torus More round skull/ Thick bones |
| European Archaic | Midfacial prognathism Occipital Bun One brow |
| Does the fossil record of "archaic" Homo sapiens suggest regular gene flow among the populations in each of these major regions? | Yes |
| Traits of modern humans | Vertical forehead reduced supraorbital torus reduced face and teeth rounded cranial vault 1350 cc reduced nuchal region Prominent chin |
| Traits African Archaic | 600-200kya Kabwe skull Arch over each eye 1200cc cranial capacity Large nasal opening Thick cranial vault bones |
| Tatis European archaic | 800-200 kya Petralona skull Midfacial prognathism Occipital bun |
| Traits near east Archaic | 250 kya? |
| Traits Asian archaic | 200-130 kya different from africa and europe |
| What is the known geographic distribution of Neandertals? When did they first appear and when did they disappear? | Europe 150-27 kya |
| How did climate influence Neandertal behavior and anatomy? | Robust |
| 150-27 kya | When neandertals were around |
| Fuhrott | Recognized significance of bones found in neander valley. |
| Boule | Reconstructed neandertal found in La Chapelle-aux-Saints |
| Shanidar iraq | Several neandertals were found |
| Teshi tash | Easternmost neandertal site |
| Bergmann and Allen's rules | Populations in cold climate tend to be large in size then population in warm climate |
| Receding zygomaticsin | Receeding prominence of chest |
| Inflated maxillary sinus | Inlated upper jaw |
| Retromolar gap | Gap behind molar |
| Taurodont molar roots | Lage pulp cavity and reduced roots |
| When and where do we see the earliest transition to anatomically modern humans? | africa 200 kya |
| When do anatomically modern humans first appear in Europe? What does the fossil record suggest about the relationship between Neandertals and modern humans? | 30 mya |
| How does the fossil record for the origin of modern humans compare to the predictions of the Multiregional Evolution and Replacement models? | H. sapiens are not everywhere at the same time |
| African Modern H. Sapien | Transitional fossil from 200-100kya Fully modern by 100 kya |
| Eurpean Mordern H, Sapien | Cro Magnon-40 kya |
| Near east H. Sapien | Nead dertals from 70-40kya Qafzeh and skhul Modern humans 100-90kya and after 40 kya |
| Asian H. Sapien | China 25 kya Australia tools by 60 kya |
| Understand the three major types of genetic approach that have been used inthe study of modern human orgins. | 1) Identification of most recent common ancestor mtDNA or Y chromosome 2) Evaluation of genetic diversity within livng population. 3) Direct comparison of ancient DNA t living DNA |
| Can we infer when language started? | No |
| How did tool technology change in the Middle Paleolithc | Stone tool technology |
| What characterizes Upper Paleolithic tool industries and culture? When did this first appear? | Greater standardization of tool types Blades and microliths common Shaped bone commonly used as raw material Projectile weapons 40-10kya |
| Understand the important ways in which the Middle Paleolithic and the Upper Paleolithic differ. | Rapidly changing regional industries 40kya-10 kya H. Sapiens |
| mtDNA lineages | Mitochondrial DNA inherited only from the mother |
| Mitochondrial eve | Most recent common maternal ancestor from 200,000 years ago. |
| Y chromosome phylogenies | Most recent common ancestor paternally |
| Genetic diversity | Level of biodiversity |
| Anient DNA | DNA isolated from ancient specimen |
| Denisovans | Ancient Siberian humans |
| Middle paleolithc (middle stone age) | 250-30 kya |
| Mousterian | Main culture of middle paleolithc period |
| Levallois Technique | Prepared core |
| Prepared core | More predictable flake shapes More efficent use of raw materials |
| Characteristics of Middle Paleolithc | Greater cariety of standardized tool types High quality raw materials frequently sought Used for cutting plant material, meat, scrapping hides, shaping wood |
| Art | Sophisticated art in upper paleolithic |
| Ochre | Art of middle paleolithc |
| Burial | Sophisticated burial in upper paleolithc |
| Aurignacian Industry | Upper paleolithic culture between Mousterian and solutean characterized by artifacts. Europe |
| Know the geographic and temporal range of Homo floresiensis, as well as it's history of discovery, anatomical traits | Flores island. 40-13kya |
| Why do some researchers argue that H. floresiensis was simply a pathological modern human? | Bones, arm. lower limbs |
| occupying an island like Flores? Does this explain the small brain size in H. floresiensis? | Big animals become small and small animals become big |
| What traits are seen in H. floresiensis that resemble much more primitive early hominins or even non-hominin apes? | wrist bones |
| flores island | Island where H. floresiensis is found |
| H, floresiensis | Small homonin found on the island of flores Everything about them is small |
| Microcephaly | an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain |
| When and how did humans come to the Americas? | 13kya land bridge |
| What behavioral characteristics may have allowed modern humans to be so adaptable to different kinds of environments? | 1. Genetic change 2. Developmemt adjustment 3. Acclimatization 4. Cultural practices and technology |
| How is genetic variation distributed within and among the major human racial groups? | 6-10 % of variation between humans |
| Skin color variation | Darker skin is caused by higher levels of melanin due to more uv rays |
| Melanin | Skin pigmentation |
| Vitamin D synthesis | Makes you tan |
| Descriptive classification | Based on observable characteristics |
| Historical | Based on history such as place of origin |
| Intrapopulation variation | Between member of populatin |
| Interpopulation variation | (among races) variation. variation high 90-94% |
| Territory | Area defended by animal against other animal |
| Home range | Area where animal lives and travels in |
| Social system | Patterned social arrangements |
| Monogamy | Having one mate |
| Polygyny | Male has multiple females |
| polyandry | female has multiple males |
| noyau | Male territory overlaps smaller territories of several females |
| Fission-fusion society | sleep together but forge off in small groups during day |
| Predator defense model | Larger group less likely to attack any given member Some predators prefer single target |
| Selfish herd | Bigger group =less likely to be singled out |
| Intrasexual selection | Male-male competiton: Body size dimorphism; canine dimorphism |
| Intersexual selection | preferences of opposite sex for certain phenotypes (appearance) |
| Male-Male competition | testes large, canines meduim, body size medium |
| Monogamy | small body canines and medium testes |
| Multi male/female | medium body canine large testes |
| polygyny | Large body canines small testes |
| Sperm competiton | Competiton between sperm of two or more males More pronounced in female promiscuity |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.