male and female reproduction system and disorders
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 SRY | testis-determining factor on the Y chromosome for male gonadal differentiation |
| Testis - functions | synthesize male sex steroid hormone produce sperm |
| GnRH is from | hypothalamus |
| GnRH signals the release of what from where? | LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary |
| GnRH inhibitors and stimulators | Stimulators: neuronal input and circulating levels of sex steroids Inhibitors: testosterone and Prolactin |
| testosterone circulates in the blood bound to | sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) albumin |
| testes are approx what temp below body temp | 3 degrees |
| Cowper's glands | the bulbo-urethral glands - secrete pre-ejaculate that lubricates the urethra for the passage of sperm |
| Erection nervous stimulation | sympathetic neres (NE) - reticular activating system (ARAS); locus ceruleus NANC - nonadrenergic, noncholinergic automated plexus nerves |
| NANC | trigger the release of local vasodilators (NO, VIP, endothelin) from vascular endothelium and the smooth muscle cells of the sinusoids |
| Ejaculation mediated by | serotonin |
| ED etiology/comorbidities | psychological causes neurogenic causes diabetes smoking drugs cavernosal disorders surgery |
| BPH | prostate gland enlargment due to excessive DHT activity and or increased adrenergic tone |
| complications of BPH | detrusor hypertrophy and fibrosis acute urinary retention prostatic infarction hematuria increased the risk of UTI or stone formation renal failure |
| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate bacterial and non bacterial |
| Prostatodynia | non-bacterial prostatitis |
| Prostate neoplasia | prostate cancer slow metastasize to the bones and lymph nodes |
| Ovary hormones | androstenedione estradiol (E2) and progesterone |
| What makes up the follicles an what do they produce? | An oocyte, the granulosa cells, and theca cells they produce estradiol and progesterone |
| Graafian Follicle | tertiary dominant follicle |
| Corpus luteum secretes | progesterone |
| natural vaginal flora | gram negative and positive bacteria anaerobes fungi |
| cooper's ligaments | attached to both the fascia of the skin and the pectoralis major muscle; maintain structural integrity |
| Estrogen hormone activities | negative feedback on LH and FSH secretion maintenance of pregnancy decreasing LDL cholesterol stimulation/maintenance of bone matrix growth and turnover |
| Progesterone hormone activities | negative feedback on LH and FSH secretion maintenance of pregnancy reduce response to contractile stimuli during pregnancy |
| Menstrual cycle - beginning | begins with the first day of genital bleeding |
| three phases of the menstrual cycle | follicular, ovulatory, and luteal |
| Follicular phase | ~12-14 days first day of bleeding to the day before the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge Estradiol and estrone increase until the day before the LH surge |
| Estradiols role during the follicular phase | restore the endometrium via cell proliferation and growth |
| Ovulatory phase | ~2 days occurs around the LH surge - attributed to estrogen - as peak LH levels are reached E2 levels drop but progesterone levels increase (the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum) E2 and progesterone initiate the development of the luteal phase of the uterine endometrail cycle |
| ovulation | the ovum is released from the mature graafian follicle about 32 to 34 hours after the LH surge |
| Luteal Phase | ~ 14 days continues from ovulation and ends with the onset of menses generates a functioning corpus luteum (progesterone producing) in an infertile cycle - decrease in E2 and progesterone, deterioration of the endometrium and shedding, FSH and LH rise to begin another cycle |
| PMS | premenstrual syndrome a combo of physical, behavioral and emtional/mood symptoms cyclic fashion disappear with menstruation breast tenderness/swelling abdominal tenderness or bloating, pain, edema |
| PMDD | severe PMS premenstrual insomnia or extreme anxiety |
| pathophysiology for PMS and PMDD | long cyclic periods of fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels variaton of thyroid gland activity from hormonal fluctuation dysfunction of serotonin, GABA, and endorphin activity from hormonal activity |
| PID | pelvic inflammatory disease complication of some sexually transmitted diseases - chlamydia and gonorrhea infection of the female reproductive tract |
| PCOS | polycystic ovarian syndrome ovarian cysts are a thin walled structure that is fluid-filled; harmless and present in many premenopausal women endocrine and fertility issues NOT all women with ovarian cysts have PCOS NOT all women with PCOS have polycystic ovaries |
| Menopause | causes: unknown - depletion of ovarian follicles or age related changes in GnRH release Symptoms: vasomotor symptoms, vaginal dryness, sleeping disturbances. |
| Fallopian tube neoplasia | very rare |
| Cervical neoplasia | most often in women over age 30 HPV - sexually transmitted |
| Ovarian neoplasia | highest mortality intraperitoneal metastasis |
| Uterine Neoplasia | most common mostly in menopausal or post-menopausal women |
| Vaginal and vulvar neoplasia | very rare |
| Ductal Carcinoma | breast neoplasia in the lining of the milk ducts that has not yet invaded nearby tissues |
| Lobular carcinoma | starts in the lobules |
| Breast cancer | clonal and often heterogeneous disease -single cells undergoes genetic mutations to transform into a benign/malignant cell some cells preserve the responsiveness to estrogen and toher growth factors (HER2 a proto-oncogene) |
| breast cancer implications | can be non-invasive or invasive but non-metastatic different types of tumor cells can exists causing tx difficulty and failure tx targeting estrogen tx targeting EFG-HER2 |
| Risk factors of breast cancer | women over 50 family Hx genes - BRCA1 and BRCA2 menstrual cycle EtOH estrogen use obesity radiation |
| clinical presentations of breast cancer | early stages: often asymptomatic - breast lump, tenderness, change is size/shape Advanced stages: breast pain or discomfort bone pain |
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