Patho 4/30
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Created by:
chelsie7n7 on April 30, 2012
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Islets | endocrine cells |
| Acini | exocrine cells |
| Insulin (Islet β cell) | Decreases serum glucose level; Promotes utilization of glucose & lipid synthesis |
| Glucagon (Islet α cell) | Increases serum glucose levels; Promotes utilization of glycogen & lipid |
| Random blood glucose | 200 mg/dl |
| Fasting blood glucose | 126 mg/dl on more than 1 occasion |
| Abnormal oral glucose tolerance test | 200 mg/dl 2 hr after glucose load |
| Type 1 age | Juvenile onset |
| Type 1 % of cases | 5-10% of cases |
| Type 1 aka | Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) |
| Type 1 pathophysiology | Autoimmune destruction of β cell; Idiopathic |
| Type 1 onset | Abrupt, often triggered by infection or stress |
| Type 1 islet of cell antibody | Present, decreased insulin synthesis |
| Type 1 ketosis | Present |
| Type 1 treatment | Insulin |
| Type 1 complication | Occur early and severe |
| Type 2 age | Usually >25 years |
| Type 2 % of cases | 80% of cases |
| Type 2 aka | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or Adult Onset Diabetes Mellitus (AODM) |
| Type 2 islet of cell antibody | Absent, insulin resistance |
| Type 2 onset | More often insidious |
| Type 2 ketosis | Absent |
| Type 2 treatment | Diet or diet + insulin |
| Type 2 complication | Develop more slowly and less severe |
| HLA linked genes | genes that are involved in immune tolerance and regulation; leads to development of autoimmunity |
| Environmental factors for Type 2 | Inactivity, poor diet, overweight, advancing age, heredity |
| Ketoacidosis | Accumulation of acidic ketone bodies in blood due to lack of insulin stimulated fatty acid utilization |
| Normal range of Hb A1c levels | 4-5.9% |
| Poorly controlled diabetes range of Hb A1c levels | 8%< |
| Well controlled diabetes range of Hb A1c levels | 7% |
| Fatty acid + insulin = | energy |
| Fatty acid - insulin = | ketone bodies and acidosis |
| Microangiopathy | thickening of basement membranes of small vessels, important morphological feature that is responsible for |
| Retinopathy | small hemorrhages, microaneurysms, proliferation of blood vessels |
| Nephropathy | Kimmelstiel-Wilson (K/S) change in glomerulus |
| Neuropathy | Peripheral (Charcot foot) and Autonomic |
| Inciting factors of Charcot food | Repeated unrecognized microtrauma or an unidentifiable injury |
| Metformin | improves glucose tolerance in patients w/ type 2 diabetes; Decreases intestinal absorption of glucose; Improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake & utilization |
| Sulfonylurea | augment insulin secretion from β cells in the islets of Langerhans |
| Secondary DM due to | Diseases that destroy pancreatic islet cells; Endocrine disorders where effect of insulin is antagonized; Drugs |
| Diseases that destroy pancreatic islet cells | pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, iron overload (hemochromatosis), surgical removal of pancreas |
| Endocrine disorders where effect of insulin is antagonized | GH excess (acromegaly), Cushing syndrome, exogenous CS intake |
| Drugs that cause secondary DM | β adrenergic agonists, thiazide diuretics |
| Reduce risk of gestational diabetes | Monitoring blood & urine glucose levels; Specific dietary guidelines; Exercising; Monitoring your weight gain; Taking insulin; Watching for complications in fetus & mother (e.g., controlling HTN in mother) |
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