Anatomy CHpt 21 Lymphatic system
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109 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | consists of a network of vessels that penetrates nearly every tissue of the body, and a collection of tissues and organs that produce immune cells |
| lymphatic system functions | fluid recovery, immunity, lipid absorption |
| fluid recovey | reaxcess fluid absorbs and returns it to the blood. inteference can lead to adema |
| immunity | pick upsthe foreign cells with lymph nodes, where immune cells stand guard gainst foreign matter. then activate immune response if they encounter any foreigners |
| lipid absorption | lacteals( lymphatic vessels) absorbs dietary lipid which are not absorb by the blood capillaries |
| lymphatic system components | lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue( Lymphocytes and macrophages), lymphatic organs |
| lymph | clear, colerless fluid, similar to blood plasma. low in protein |
| in the lymphatic system | lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of lymphocytes. it is the main supply of lymphocytes in blood stream (lymph nodes). |
| lymphatic vessels | where lymph flows. penerate every tissue but are absent in nervous tissue, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow. |
| unlike the cells of blood capillaries | lymphatic endothelial cells are not joined by tight junctions and do not have a continuous basal lamina. |
| when pressure is higher in the lymphatic capillarie than in the tissue fluid | the flaps are pressed outward ( they are closed) |
| when tissue fluid is high in lympatic capillaries | the flaps are pushed inward ( the open) |
| route from tissue fluid back to the blood stream: | lymphatic capillaries- collecting vessels- six lymphatic trunks- two collecting ducts-subclavian veins. |
| lymphatic capillaries | converge to form collecting vessels. |
| lymph nodes | converge to form lymphatic trunks |
| lymphatic trunks | grains to major portion the body. their names indicate where the deposit to. |
| lymphatic trunks | converge to form 2 collecting ducts: lymphatic duct and thoracid duct. |
| cisterna chyli | section in thoracic duct. where the 2 lumbar meets. have a large amount of chyle(fatty interstial lymph) which it collects after a meal. |
| lymph flow | have a lower pressure and speed than venous flow. can be produced by skeletal muscles squezzzing lymph nodes |
| primary mechanism of lymph flow | rhythmic contractions of the lymphatic vessels themselves |
| Lymphatic cells | Natural killer cells(NK), T Lymphocytes (T cells), B Lymphocytes (B cells), Macrdophages, Dentric cells and Reticular cells. |
| natural killer cells | large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteriatransplanted tissues and host cells that have either become infected with viruses or turned cancerous |
| T lymphocytes | lymphocys that matures in the thymus and later depend on thymic hormones; T stands for thymus- dependent. |
| B lymphocytes | lyphocytes that differentiates into plasma cells. they mature in the bone marrow |
| plasma cells | connective tissue cells that secrete antibodies |
| Macrophages | very large. they develop from monocytes that have migrated from the blood stream. they phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils and other foreign matter. process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments of it to specific Tcells. This alerts the immune system of the presence of an enemy |
| dendritic cells | branched, mobile APCs, locaded in the epidermis, mucous menbrane, and lymphatic organs. called langerhans cells in skin.the engulf matter by by receptor meiated phagocytosis. migrate to nearby lymph node after initializing an antigen and activates immune reactions. |
| reticular cells | braned. statiaonary APC that contributes to the connective tissue framework of lymphatic organs |
| lymphatic tissues | are aggregations of the lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous menbrane and various organs. |
| diffuse lymphatic tissue | type of lymphatic tissue in which lymphocytes are scatered rather than densely clustered |
| mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue | types of lymphatic tissue where there is mucous menbrane. EX respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive track |
| lymphatic nodules | lymphocytes and macrophages. they come and go as pathogens invaded the tissues and the immune system answers the challenge. |
| lymphatic organs | limphoids. red marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen. |
| primary lymphatic organs | red bone marrow and thymus. the cite of the B an T lymphocytes. |
| B and T Lymphocytes | will become immunocompetent and are able to recognize and respond to antigens |
| secondary lymphatic organs | lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen immunocompent lymphocytes will migrate to these organs after they mature in the primary organs |
| bone marrow | 2 types red and yellow. yellow is fat. red bone marro where hemopoiesis and immunity occurs. |
| thymus | menber of endocrne, lymphatic and immune systems . secrete homones. it's lobules has a central medulla housed by T cells and the cortex is housed by reticular epithelial cells |
| reticular cells | form blood-thymus barrier, produces signaling molecules that promote the development and action of T cells, including thymosins, thymopoetin, thymulin, interleukins, and interferon. |
| lymph nodes | serve 2 funtions: cleanse the lymph and act as a site of T and B cell activation. common site of metastatic cancer |
| germinal centers | acquired when lymph node is fighting pathogen. and the cite where B cells mmultiply and differentiate in to plasma cells. |
| spleen | body's largest lymphatic organ |
| red pulp in spleen | consist of sinus gorged with erythrocytes |
| white pulp spleen | have lymphocytes and macrophages |
| pathogens | viruses, bacteria, fungi and other microbes tha can cause diseases |
| number of body line defenses | 3 |
| first line of defense | exterbal barriers: skin and mucous menbrane |
| second line of defense | leukocytes and macrophages antibacterial proteins, immune surveillance, anflammation and fever. against pathogen that cross first line of dense |
| third line of defense | immune sytem which defeats pathogens and leaves a memory |
| acid mantle in sweat | thin film of lactic acid that inhibits bacterial growth |
| dermicidins | a sweat antibacterial protein |
| defensins and cathelicidins | peptides produced by keratinocytes, neutriphils, and macrophages that destroy bacteria virus and fungi. enhance by vitamin D |
| lysozyme | enzyme that destroy bacteria by destroying their celll walls |
| the five types of leukocytes | neutrophils, Eosinophils basophils, lymphocytes and Monocytes |
| neutrophils | wanders in connective tissues to kill bacteria.kill by sime phagocytosis and digestion. has a respiratory burst that forms two defenses: hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite; these chemicals form a killing zone arround the neutrophil. can damage host connective tissue and sometimes contributes to rheutmatoid arthritis |
| eosinophils | found in the mucous menbrane. standing against parasites, allergens and other foes. secrete enzymes that degrade and limit the action of histamine inflammatory chemicals that can cause damage. |
| basophils | secrete chemicals that aid the motility of other leukocytes |
| mast cells | types of connective tissue cell similar to basophils |
| lymphocytes | NK cell, T-cell, B-cells |
| Monocytes | leukocytes that emigrate from blood into connective tissues and transforms into macrophages |
| macrophage system | all of the body's phagocytotic cells except leukocytes |
| interferons | proteins from an infected cell that alert other cells and protect non infected cells from becoming infected. also activates NK cells and macrophages to desroy infected cells to they don't replicate viruses and cancer cells. |
| complement system | a goupr of 30 or more globulins that make powerful contribution to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity. complete actions of antibody. produced by the liver |
| activated complement contributes to pathogens destructions by four methods: | inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis, and cytolysis |
| pathways of activation to complement system: | classical , alternative , lectin |
| classical pathway | require antibody- antigens complexes form on pathogen suface;then it set off reaction cascade( complement fixation) |
| alternatve pathway | requires no antivbody.belong to nonspecific defenses. C3 dissociates into fragments C3a and C3b then C3b binds to pathogen surface. Next, reaction cascade and autocatalytic effect. |
| Lectin Pathway | antibody independent. belong to nonspecific defenses. binds to carbohydrates on pathogen surface and causes reaction cascade |
| inflammation method | C3a stimulates mast cells and basophils to secrete histamine and other inflammatory chemicals. also activates neutrophils and macrophages |
| clearance method | C3b binds Ag---Ab complexes to RBCs. as the RBCs circulate through the liver and pleen, the macrophages of these organs destroys the Ag---Ab complexes. principal means of clearing foreign antigens from the blood stream |
| phagocytosis method | cell eating. pathogens are digested by neutrophils and macrophages. |
| Cytolysis method | cell drinking.all the Cs are bind up to 17 molecules to form a menbrane attack complex. then complex forms a hole in target cell. water and electrolytes leaks out and cell ruptures |
| immune suveillance | phenomenom in which NK cells continually patrols the body for pathogens and disease host cells. |
| granzymes | NK's group of protein-degrading enzymes |
| perforins | Nk's kiss of death. that make a hole in target cell wich allows a rapid inflow of water and salts |
| fever | pyrexia |
| aspirin | antipyreptic medicine |
| advantages of a fever | promotes inteferon activiies, elevate metabolic rate, accelerates tissue repair and inhibits reproduction of bacteria |
| exogens pyrogens | fever- producing agents. like the surfaces glycolipids of bacteria and viruses. |
| endogenous pyrogens | produced by neutrophils and macrophages to attack fever producing agents |
| cytokine | small proteins that serves as a chemical communication network among immune cells |
| hyperemia | increalood increasing blood flow beyond normal |
| selectins | cell-adhesion molecules |
| bradykanin | stimulates pain receptors. |
| pus | dead cells other tissues debris that form a pool of yellowish fluid. |
| monocytes and tissue repair relation | monocytes are major agents of tissue clean up and repair |
| abscess | cavity where pus is acumulates |
| 2 types of immunity non specific resistance: | Specifity and Memory |
| Specificity | immunity is directed against a particular pathogen |
| memory | when reexposed to same pathogen, the body reaccts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness. |
| types of cell immunity | cellular(cell-mediated) immunity, humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity: Natural active immunity, artificial active immunity, natural passive immunity, artificial passive immunity. |
| Natural active immunity | production of host antibodies or T cells as a result of natural exposure to antigen |
| artificial active immunity | production of host antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination |
| natural passive immunity | temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies produced by another person. EX: mother to fetus |
| artificial passive immunity | a temporary immunity that results from injection of an immune serum obtained another person or animal |
| antigen | amy molecule that triggers an immune response. |
| epitotes | antigenic determinants. that stimulate immune responses |
| haptens | stimulate immune response by binding to a host macromolecule and the body recognizes as foreigners. |
| negative selection | a process where T-cell eliminated |
| forms of negative selections | clonal deletions and anergy |
| clonal deletion | self reactive T-cells die and macrophages eat them |
| anergy | T-cell remain alive but unresponsive |
| positive selection | T-cells move onto the medulla of thymus and multiply and form clones of identical T cell programmed to respong to a particular antigen |
| MHC proteins | proteins on the APC surface |
| cellular immunity 4 classes | cytotoxic T-cells(Tc), Helper T cells, regulatory T-cells, or T-reds, Memory T cells |
| Cytotoxic T cells | are effectors of cellular immunity that carry out the attack on foreign cells |
| Helper T cells | helps with the action of Tc cells |
| Regulatory T Cells | limit the immune system response by inhibiting multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells. pevent auto immune disease |
| Memory T cells | descended from Tc cells and are responsiblee for memory in cellular immunity |
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