His Chapter 16
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chromedude on September 22, 2009
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66 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 robber barons | Captains of Industry |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877) |
| Andrew Carnegie | United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919) |
| verticle integration | practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change a raw material into a finished product |
| John D. Rockefeller | built a monopoly in the oil industry |
| horizontal integration | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level |
| trust | A group of corporations run by a single board of directors |
| John Pierpont Morgan | Leading investment banker of the guilded age |
| United States Steel Corporation | Morgan bought Carnegie Steel and combined it with others, forming the first billion dollar company |
| New South | Term that identified southern promoters' belief in the technologically advanced industrial South |
| James Buchanan Duke | Formed the American Tabacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market |
| Alexander Graham Bell | United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) |
| Thomas Alva Edison | an inventor in Menlo Park, NJ best known for invention of the light-bulb, phonograph, the projector and the motion picture |
| Roscoe Conkling | A politician from New York who served both as a member of the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. Leader of Tammany Hall |
| Stalwarts | Faction of the republican party led by Roscoe Conkling who favored high tariffs, hard money, and the spoils system |
| Half-breeds | Faction if the republican party which was moderate. Hd been dissatisfied with Grant, the Radical Republicans, and Reconstruction. Tended to favor reform |
| James A. Garfield | the 20th President of the US; he died two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration. He was a halfbreed |
| Chester A. Arthur | vp of Garfield who became president, a stalwart. Favored civil service reform and refused to use his high office to provide special favors for the Stalwarts. |
| Pendleton Act | a civil service reformation act. provided for selection of government employees by competitive examination administered by a civil-service commission |
| Civil Service Commission | this body oversaw examinations for government employees in order to prevent against patronage |
| Mongrel Tariff | a tariff that was meant to be good but congressmen who wanted to please their constituents added ammendments that ended up making it do nothing. this legislation clarified party positions on the tariff issue |
| Grover Cleveland | democratic president who was a former NY governor, a corrageous opponent of tammany hall noted for his honesty |
| Interstate Commerce Act | 1. directed that railroad rates must be reasonable and just 2. required that railroad companies publish all rates and make financial reports 3. provided for the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commision (an independent regulatory agency to investigate alleged abuses and stop them |
| Benjamin Harrison | republican president, colorless, capable and honest man, grandson of President william henry harrison |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade |
| McKinley Tariff | new tariff of 1890 placed higher duties on maufactured and agricultural imports than had any previous tariff in history |
| Panic of 1893 | 4 year depression during President Cleveland's presidency, banks and businesses faled and unemployment mounted to a record twenty per cent |
| Knights of Labor | one of the first labor unions headed by terrence v. powderly |
| Terrence V. Powderly | leader of Kights of Labor |
| American Federation of Labor | Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor |
| Samuel Gompers | leader of american federation of labor |
| Haymarket Riot | union members went on strike to support an 8 hour work day in chicogo, illinois. bomb went off many were killed |
| Homestead Strike | The workers at a steel plant in Pennsylvania went on strike, forcing the owner to close down. Armed guards were hired to protect the building. The strikers attacked for five months, then gave in to peace demands.. |
| Eugene V. Debs | leader of the Pullman strike and leader of American Railway Union, socialist |
| Pullman Strike | in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing |
| injunction | (law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity |
| socialism | collective or government ownership of the means of production |
| Grange | Was the Patrons of Husbandry- a social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th Century. |
| Populist party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver |
| free silver | Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan |
| William McKinley | from ohio, likable though somber, freind of |
| William Jennings Bryan | democratic/populist pro-silver nomination, good orator |
| urbanization | movement of the population to the cities |
| New Immigration | The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans. |
| melting pot | the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. |
| The Origin of Species | Darwins book; stated that evolution occoured by natural selection |
| Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |
| Social Darwinism | Formulated by Herbert Spencer, said that human race driven forward to ever greater specialization and progress by the brutal economic struggle. Struggle resulted in 'survival of the fittest': Rich were strong, poor were weak. Really liked by upper middle class. |
| Reform Darwinism | created by Washington bureaucrat Lester Frank Ward. evolutionary process from bottom up. best achieved through cooperation not competition. |
| Mark Twain | most popular writer of the era. wrote with pen name of samuel langhorne clemens |
| realism | drew a picture of simple, ordinary life |
| naturalism | a new rebellious type of writing introduced in the late 19th & early 20th century that imported scientific determination into literature, viewing people as part of the animal world, prey to natural forces |
| Stephen Crane | American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; naturalist |
| Jack London | naturalist writer |
| Horatio Alger | writer of rags to riches stories |
| materialism | a desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matters |
| urban evangelism | conducting large city-wide campaigns in huge auditoriums or large churches in major cities |
| Dwight L. Moody | leader of urban evangelism |
| Ira Sankey | song leader who traveled with D.L. Moody |
| Sam Jones | moody of the south |
| Election of 1880 | (R)James A. Garfield:Chester A. Arthur vs. (D)Winfield S. Hancock |
| Election of 1884 | (R)James G. Blaine vs. (D)Grover Cleveland |
| Election of 1888 | (R)Benjamin Harrison vs. (D)Grover Cleveland |
| Election of 1892 | (R)Benjamin Harrison vs. (D)Grover Cleveland |
| North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming | Republican States admitted by republican 51st congress |
| Election of 1896 | (R)William McKinley vs. (D)William Jennings Bryan |
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