Medical Microbial Biology Final Exam
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Created by:
lindseyalord on April 30, 2012
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170 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What shapes are viral capsids? | polyhedral and helical |
| An 8-year-old girl has scabs and pus-filled vesicles on her face and throat. Three weeks earlier she had visited her grandmother, who had shingles. What infection does the 8-year-old have? | chickenpox |
| In which of the following ways do viruses differ from eukaryotes? | viruses are required to replicate in a cell |
| Which of the following pairs is mismatched? | Steptococcus pyogenes - erysipelas |
| Thrush and vaginitis are caused by | Candida albicans |
| Which of the following is an important virulence factor for Streptococcus pyogenes? | Group M protein |
| The etiologic agent of chickenpox is | HHV-6 |
| What bacteria can lead to all the diseases below? Answer: ____________________ | Strep |
| The patient has vesicles and scabs over her forehead. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings shows gram-positive cocci in clusters. The etiology is | Staphylococcus aureus |
| A 17-year-old boy has pus-filled cysts on his face and upper back. Microscopic examination reveals gram-positive rods. This infection is caused by | Propionbacterium acnes |
| Which of the following is NOT likely to spread MRSA? | Universal Precautions |
| Which of the following is true about the normal microbiota of the nervous system? | There are no normal microbiota |
| Encephalitis and meningitis are difficult to treat because | Antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier |
| Which of the following organisms does NOT cause meningitis? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Which of the following statements about rabies is false? | The resevoir is only horses |
| The symptoms of tetanus are due to | Clostridial neurotoxin |
| A 30-year-old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alert and oriented and complained of a fever, headache, and stiff neck. Which of the following organisms could NOT be responsible for her symptoms? | Clostridium botulinum |
| Which of the following pairs is mismatched? | Listeriosis - paralysis |
| A 30-year-old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alert and oriented and complained of a fever, headache, and stiff neck. Which of the following is most likely to provide rapid identification of the cause of her symptoms? | Gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid |
| Which of the following is NOT caused by prions? | Trypanosomiasis |
| A 15-year-old girl was hospitalized with fever, lethargy, and rash. Gram-negative, cocci were cultured from her cerebrospinal fluid. Her symptoms were caused by | neisseria menigitidis |
| Which of the following is treated with antibiotics? | Streptococcal pneumonia |
| A 1-year-old boy was listless, irritable, and sleepy. Capsulated gram-negative rods were cultured from his cerebrospinal fluid. His symptoms were caused by | Haemophilus influenzae |
| The antibiotics did not cure her disease because the pathogen was probably | A virus |
| The disease described above is | Rabies |
| Which of the following pairs is mismatched? | UTI - Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Which of the following is evidence that the arthritis afflicting children in Lyme, Connecticut, was due to bacterial infection? | Treatable with penicillin |
| Describe the replication steps for a dsDNA viral genome. | The double strands break apart and then do the same the SSDNA to replicate |
| Describe the replication steps for a (-)ssRNA viral genome. | It has to become a positive SSRNA in order to replicate (protein) |
| Describe Antigenic Shift | Antigenic shift is when a virus uncoats and combines with another to replicate and form a completely new virus. EX: a bird joins with a cow to make a new species |
| How do viruses acquire their envelope? | Viruses acquire their envelope by determining what they have to be protected against budding |
| Put the following steps in order: | Attachment, Penetration,Uncoating, Biosynthesis, Maturation, Release |
| Rubella | Macular rash, fever, congenital version can cause fetal injury |
| Rubeola (Measles) | Macular Rash, Koplik's Spots |
| Roseola | High fever followed by rash |
| Commensal | Benefits, Neither benefits nor is harmed, ex: tapeworm in a human intestine |
| Parasitic | benefits, is harmed, ex: tuberculosis bacteria in human lung |
| Mutual | benefits, benefits, ex: bacteria in human colon |
| Decline | declining signs and symptoms |
| Prodromal | vague, general symptoms |
| Incubation | no signs or symptoms |
| Convalescence | no signs or symptoms |
| Illness | most severe signs and symptoms |
| Which of the following is not technically a portal of entry but rather a means by which a pathogen can circumvent the typical portals of entry? | entry though the lining of the respiratory tract |
| Sporadic | ... |
| Epidemic | ... |
| Endemic | ... |
| Pandemic | ... |
| What is immunology? | The study of the body's defenses. |
| Exogenous | ... |
| Endogenous | ... |
| Symptoms are: | subjective characteristics of a disease that can only be felt by the patient |
| Active Naturally Acquired Immunity | caused from infection or disease |
| Passive Naturally Acquired Immunity | caused from the placenta |
| Active Artificially Acquired Immunity | injected with antigens |
| Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity | injected with antibodies |
| Which of the following is an example of the mucous membranes serving as a portal of entry for disease? | A bite by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite |
| Active Immune Response | ... |
| Passive Immune Response | ... |
| Which of the following situations might cause normal flora to become opportunistic pathogens? | Treatment of a cancer patient with radiation |
| Draw and explain an ELISA reaction: 3 points | It's finding out if you are sick or not. It's looking for antigens or antibodies in the blood |
| A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired by: | being in a health care facility |
| Delayed hypersensitivity | T cells attack the body's cells |
| Immediate hypersensitivity | Nonphagocytized immune complexes trigger mast cell deranulation |
| Immune-Complex mediated hypersensitivity | IgE on sensitized cells' membranes binds antigen causing degranulation |
| Cytotoxic hypersenstivity | Antibodies and complement lyse target cells |
| A disease that normally occurs continuously at a relatively stable rate within a given population or geographic area is considered a/an __________ disease. | endemic |
| The index case is the first case of a disease: | identified in a given area or population |
| Which of the following is NOT considered part of the body's nonspecific defense against disease? | antibodies |
| Which of the following symptoms are NOT part of the signs of inflammation? | Odor (smell) |
| Which of the following statements about innate immunity is NOT correct: | It is the body's resistance toward all pathogens |
| Which of the following is NOT considered part of the body's second line of defense? | lacrimal secretions (tears) |
| MACs are: | the end result of both the classical and alternate complement system |
| Antigens are: | specific molecules that the body recognizes as foreign |
| Chemotaxis | The movement of a cell toward or away from a stimulus |
| Opsonization | The coating of a pathogen by complement |
| Eosinophils | Increase in allergies and helminth infection |
| Neutrophils | Polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
| Macrophages | Monocytes that leave the bloodstream |
| Natural Killer Lymphocytes | Nonspecific leukocytes that work by secreting toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells |
| First Line of Defense | Intact skin, sebum, tears, etc |
| Second Line of Defense | Complement |
| Which of the following produces an exogenous antigen? | a bacteria outside a cell |
| Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is incorrect? | B and T lymphocytes are non-specific |
| The designation "B" for B lymphocytes comes from | the bone marrow where these cells are produced |
| The humoral immune response is attributed to the action of | B lymphocytes |
| Which of the following is NOT considered the function of an antibody? | They can produce toxins that directly kill bacteria |
| Which of the following statements about T lymphocytes is incorrect? | T lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to antigen stimulation with B lymphocytes. |
| Which of the following statements concerning plasma cells is incorrect? | They live a long time and function as memory cells |
| Enhanced immune responses to subsequent exposures to an antigen to which the body has already been exposed are known as: | memory responses |
| What type of immunity is produced by the body when a person gets a disease? | naturally acquired active immunity |
| What is the most efficient and cost-effective way to control infectious diseases? | active immunization by vaccination |
| All of the following statements are true of variolation EXCEPT: | It was risk-free |
| All of the following are methods for attenuation EXCEPT: | treatment with bleach |
| An inactivated vaccine has all the following characteristics EXCEPT: | it is made from unaltered pathogens |
| Killed vaccines work by stimulating: | the production of antibodies |
| Passive immunity is most importantly used when: | protection against a recent infection or disease is needed immediately |
| The type of ELISA that is mostly commonly performed: | detects the presence of a particular antibody |
| When a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell interact, this structure is also involved: | MHC |
| Deliberate infection of young children with particles of ground small pox scabs from children who had survived mild cases of smallpox was known as ___________ | Varolation |
| _________ is found on all nucleated cells | MHCI |
| __________ is found on B Cells and APCs | MHC II |
| Attenuated vaccines produce _______ immunity | Cell mediated |
| An antigen produced by a pathogen while living inside a cell is known as a/an _________ antigen | endogenous |
| The surface of each B-lymphocyte is covered with about 250,000 to 500,000 identical copies of ________ | B cell receptors |
| Which of the following is NOT considered a hypersensitivity reaction? | rejection of a transplanted kidney |
| An example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is: | watery eyes after exposure to animal dander |
| Which of the following cells are NOT involved hypersensitivity reactions? | neutophils |
| When the cells involved with hypersensitivites degranulate, what is the result? | Inflammation |
| How are type I allergic reactions diagnosed? | by injecting very small quantities of suspected allergens under the skin of the forearm |
| If a recipient has preexisting antibodies to foreign blood group antigens that are donated, which of the following would NOT happen? | The donated cells would function normally |
| Which of the following causes graft-versus-host disease? | skin transplant from one location in the body to another, or from one identical twin to another |
| Commensal relationships harm one member and benefit another | FALSE |
| Edward Jenner was the physician who first used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox. | TRUE |
| The process of reducing the virulence of a microbe is known as attenuation | TRUE |
| Most of the available antimicrobial agents are effective against | Viruses |
| Explain MHC and its functions | MHC is there for recognition. It's use in finger printing. MCHI is present in a cells except RBC's while MHC II is in B cells and APC cells |
| You are observing a cell through a microscope and note that it does not have a nucleus. You conclude that it most likely | is a prokaryote |
| Which of the following is a chemical component of a bacterial cell wall? | peptidoglycan |
| What word best describes the following arrangement of cells OOOO | streptococci |
| After a gram stain you find an organism that is purple, which indicates high amounts of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. What type of organism do you have? | A gram positive organism |
| Which of the following is NOT a part of the active transport process? | Electron carriers |
| Which of the following is true about gram negative cell walls? | They have an outer layer composed of lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids. |
| What will happen if a bacterial cell is placed in distilled water with a high salt concentration? | Water will leave the cell |
| Explain why you chose the answer above. | ... |
| For the classification of microorganisms- what are the three domains? | Bacteria Archea Eukaryote |
| How do prokaryotes replicate? | Binary Fission |
| Which of the following will not have effects on the action of an enzyme? | presence of water |
| Which of the following IS FALSE about Archaea? | evidence suggests they evolved from algea |
| A primary difference between chemotrophic and phototrophic bacteria is? | energy source |
| Who was the first to use a microscope to visualize microorganisms? | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
| Koch's Postulates | Were devised to identify agents of disease. |
| Who developed the first vaccine (using controversial methods) for smallpox? | Edward Jenner |
| Bacteria that are bacilli: | Have a rod shape. |
| Endospores: | Can be produced when nutrients are scarce. |
| Which of the following types of microbes might be found in Salt Lake? | Halophiles |
| Put the following steps of binary fission in order, from earliest to latest events: | Formation of a cross wall Elongation of the cytoplasmic membrane Replication of cellular DNA |
| The key difference between archaea and bacteria is: | Their cell wall composition |
| Put the following steps of mitosis in order, from earliest to latest events: | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the bacterias ability to stick to surfaces? | Glycocalyces |
| Name three different structures that organisms can use for movement. | Flagella and Cillia |
| ATP energy is expended in which of the following processes? | Active Transport |
| Nucleus | contains chromosomes |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | membrane formation and secretion |
| Golgi Complex | transport network |
| Lysosome | digestive enzymes |
| Vacuole | brings food into cells and provides structural support |
| Mitochondrion | cellular respiration |
| Chloroplast | photosynthesis |
| Perxisome | oxidation of fatty acids, destroys H202 |
| In the process of Catabolism: | They break large molecules into smaller ones |
| All of the following are true statements concerning enzymes EXCEPT: | They only function at 37ºC (98ºF) |
| In glycolysis, the beginning and end products (respectively) are: | Glucose, Pyruvic Acid |
| Chlorophyll is used to capture energy in the: | Photosynthesis |
| In microbiology, the term "growth" usually refers to which of the following? | an increase in the number of microbial cells |
| A cell that uses an organic carbon source and obtains energy from light would be called a | photoheterotroph |
| A microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of medium is probably a(n) | obligate anaerobe |
| Halophiles grow well in the presence or absence of high salt concentrations | TRUE |
| Chloroplasts use light energy to produce ATP and carbohydrates | TRUE |
| There is a net gain of ATP in glycolysis | TRUE |
| Glycolysis is more efficient than the alternative pathways available to a cell | TRUE |
| During the Electron Transport Chain ATP is used | TRUE |
| Fermentation is the optimal way for an organism to process pyruvic acid | FALSE |
| Organisms living under extreme pressure are thermophiles | FALSE |
| What method would you use in lab to obtain pure culture? | ... |
| How many ATP are produced during Glycolysis, The Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain? | ... |
| Who disproved spontaneous generation and the technique to heat milk in order to kill bacteria? | ... |
| Name the different types of Eukaryotes we discussed? | ... |
| Name as many differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes that you can think of. | ... |
| What are the byproducts of fermentation? | ... |
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