Sociology 101 Final
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179 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Sociology | The systematic and scientific study of human behavior, social groups and society |
| Correlation | A measure indicating that two variable are related in such a way that a change in one is accompanied by a change in the other |
| Proposition | A statement that interrelates two or more variables. |
| Race | Categories of people set apart from others because of socially defined physical characteristics. |
| Culture | The learned set of beliefs, values, norms and material goods shared by group members |
| Life Chances | Opportunities for securing such things as health, education, autonomy, leisure and a long life. |
| Triangulation | The use of multiple (usually 3) techniques to gather or analyze research date |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and goods and service are distributed competitively for profit |
| Variable | A construct that represents ways in which concepts vary or differ |
| Reliability | The consistency of a measurement |
| Norms | Expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide people's everyday behaviors |
| Taboos | Prohibitions against behaviors that most members of the group consider to be so repugnant that they are unthinkable |
| Social Network | The total web of an individual's relationships and group members |
| Validity | The extent to which a technique accurately measures what it purports to measure |
| Values | Shared ideas about what is socially desirable |
| Laws | Formals rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to members of society |
| Causation | A relationship in which a change in one variable creates a concomitant change in another variable |
| Role | A set of expectations, rights, and duties that are attached to a particular status |
| Social Stratification | A form of inequality in which categories of people are systematically ranked in a hierarchy on the basis of their access to scare by valued resources. |
| Folkways | Informal rules and expectations that guide people's everyday behavior |
| Status | A socially defined position in a social structure |
| Social Structure | The ordered relationships and patterned expectations that guide social interaction |
| Operational Definition | A definition that specifies how a concept is measured |
| Conceptual Definition | Defining a concept through the use of other concepts |
| Mores | Salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society |
| Range of Tolerance | A scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity |
| Deviance | Violation of social norms as opposed to conformity |
| Concept | An abstract idea or general thought |
| Socialism | An economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state and goods and services are distributed as a cooperative enterprise without regard to profit |
| Bureaucracy | A large-scale organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking, and a rational worldview to achieve maximum efficiency |
| Ethnicity | Statuses based on cultural heritage and shared feelings of peoplehood |
| Sociological Imagination | The ability to see the relationship between the individual and their society |
| Beliefs | Assertions about the nature or reality |
| Conspicuous Consumption | Consumer's desire to express their social standing by acquiring goods and services simply for the purpose of having, displaying, and consuming them |
| Cultural Pluralism | When racial and ethnic groups cooperate while still retaining their distinctive identities and life styles |
| Politics | Institution that deals with power and the flow of power in a society |
| Assimilation | A process in which minority groups lose their distinctive identities and conform to cultural patterns of the dominant groups |
| Social Institutions | Relatively enduring clusters of values, norms, social statuses, roles and groups that address fundamental social needs |
| August Comte | 1798-1850. Father of Sociology. Functionalist |
| Comte's Thesis on Evolution of Knowledge | theological (spirits, gods), metaphysical (observations), and positivism (science). |
| Herbert Spencer | 1820-1903. Functionalist. Organic Analogy. Social Darwinist. |
| Karl Marx | 1818 - 1883. Oppression and exploitation. Economic determinist. False consciousness. Social Revolutionary. Conflict theorist |
| Emile Durkheim | 1858-1917. Suicide Study. Functionalist. |
| Durkheim's Social Solidarity | social bonds developed by individuals to their society create social order. |
| Max Weber | 1864-1920. Value free, insight, bureaucracy, conflict and interactionist |
| Verstehen | Insight |
| List the 5 steps of the theory building process: | 1. identify and define concepts 2. create operational definitions 3. identify relevant variables 4. form propositional statements 5. theory |
| What is a Spurious Relationship? | when an apparent relationship between two variables in meaningless |
| What are the 8 steps of the Scientific Method? | 1. issue 2. lit review 3. hypothesis 4. research design 5. gather data 6. analyze data 7. conclusion 8. pose new questions and publish |
| Quantitative Research Types | Experiment (independent and dependent variables), survey, control groups |
| Qualitative Research Types | ethnography, case study, observation |
| Characteristics of Culture | symbols, language, beliefs, values, norms |
| What are the 3 Components of Culture? | 1. material (symbols) 2. cognitive culture 3. normative |
| Relativist Fallacy | Claims that something is true for one person but not true for someone else |
| Cultural Lag | inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially in the relationship between technology and nonmaterial culture |
| Cooley's Looking Glass Self | Concept that individuals use others life mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction |
| 3 examples of types of adult socialization | reverse socialization (technology), desocialization and resocialization (marriage, transition to college) |
| According to a Functionalist, Socialization ... | helps us fit in |
| According to a Conflict Theorist, Socialization... | shapes peoples and benefits the powerful |
| An interactionist would be interested in what part of socialization? | Total Instituions (ex: bootcamp, deployment, jail, convent, rehab, POW camp, cults, boarding school |
| Which interactionist studied total institutions extensively? | Goffman |
| What is the ideal group size? | 5 people |
| 5 traits that make up a Bureaucracy? | division of labor, hierarchy, formal rules and procedures, meritocracy (earn), and impersonal |
| Ritualism | "That's not my job" |
| Parkinson's Law | work expands to find the time given to do it in |
| Peter Principle | people are often promoted to levels where they are incompetent |
| Why is deviance subjective? | Deviance is subjective because is depends on who is doing the behavior, where its occurring at, the time is happens, and the culture's subcultural context |
| Social Control | the way society goes about enforcing social norms |
| Names 3 types of social control | Voluntary Social Control, Informal Social Control, and Formal Social Control |
| What is the most effective type of social control? | Voluntary |
| According to a Functionalist, Deviance is... | deviance is generally wrong but we tolerate a bit |
| Manifest Function of Deviance? | deviance that is punished reinforces social norms |
| Latent Function of Deviance? | entire career field created |
| What is Value Consensus? | widespread agreement on a group's goals, and the way to achieve them |
| What is a function? | positive consequence of a part of the whole system |
| What is a dysfunction? | negative consequence of a part of the whole system |
| 4 ways SES is measured? | income, education, occupation, address |
| A functionalist would say on Class System that.. | it is the best system because is pays accordingly |
| A latent function of Class System? | role of luck |
| A manifest function of class system? | provides opportunity for social mobility |
| How does gender identity develop? | social interaction and socialization |
| Life expectancy for US | US 78. Female - 80 and Male - 73 |
| What does FICA stand do? | Federal Insurance Contribution Act |
| FICA tax what percentage of the 1st 105,000 you make? | 7 5/6% |
| Which social institution is the oldest? | Family |
| What would a functionalist agree upon about family? | family is foundation and necessary to a society's survival |
| Name 3 power and authority patterns within family? | patriarchy, matriarchy, and egalitarian |
| Name 2 types of marriage | monogamy and polygamy |
| Name and define 2 subgroups of polygamy | polygny - one male, multiple females polyandry - one female, multiple males |
| What 5 points do we select mates in according to homogamy? | age, education, race, religion, and social class |
| What is the theory of complimentary needs? | we seek out our psychological oppostie |
| What is the male's goal in mate selection? | reproduce |
| What is the female's goal in mate selection? | stability in resources |
| List ways a school as a bureaucracy is good | specialized subjects/teachers, more offerings, organization, protects the student and teacher |
| List ways a school as a bureaucracy is bad | less freedom for creativity, impersonal, forced conformity |
| A functionalists perspective on religion... | religion serves as a number of important function for societies and individuals |
| manifest function of religion | community and group identity |
| latent function of religion | raises health, time keeping function |
| function of religion | emotional support and comfort |
| dysfunction of religion | ostracism of deviance |
| what are 3 types of power? | coercion, influence and authority |
| define coercion | states forces the people to do something. fear is the motivator. downside - must be vigilant |
| examples of influence | censorship and propaganda |
| According to Weber, what are the 3 subcategories of authority power? give an example of each | traditional - kings and queens legalrational - president charismatic - Gandhi, Hitler, MLK |
| How does society order power? | autocracy, where one or few rule, and democracy, where the power lies in the people. |
| What are two subcategories of democracy? | direct - one person equal one vote - ex: ancient Greece representative - vote turned over to another - ex: America |
| What kinds of conditions facilitate democracy? | advanced economy, delusion of power, cultural norms, and access to information |
| Jus ad bellum | "just war" |
| jus ad bello | "justified acts" |
| Vietnam was which kind a "just war". T or F | False |
| WWII was which kind of war? | jus ad bellum |
| Medicine grew from which social institution? | religion |
| how would a functionalist view medicine? | we want scientific answers to death and disease |
| manifest function of medicine? | heal thy people, higher life expectancy |
| function of medicine? | productive society |
| dysfunction of medicine? | expensive |
| latent function of medicine? | "pill popping society" shift in fatih |
| Parson's Sick Role | acknowledge the label, try to get better, comply with medical authority, excused from normal activities |
| Conflict theorist views on medicine | against inequality, medicalization (making more things under the medical institution) |
| what is the US population? | 370 million |
| What is the world population? | 7 billion |
| what 3 factors affect a population? | fertility, mortality and migration |
| When the the world population break 1 billion? | 1800's |
| Latent function of advertising? | ideological support for capitalism |
| How are the expectations that accompany a job learned? | through socialization |
| What are occupational subcultures? | when coworkers share common values, norms and attitudes not just about their job, but about life as well |
| What is a conflict theorist view on economy? | economic inequality, exploitation and alienation of workers |
| What is the Value consensus of Economy? | basic social institution which is postive |
| manifest function of economy? | production, distribution, consumption of goods and services |
| latent function of economy? | maintenance of social class |
| function of economy? | helps society funciton |
| dysfunction of economy? | runaway inflation, recession, depression, unemployment |
| what are the push and pull factors for immigration and emigration? | family, education, religion, politics, weather, media, economy, medicine, SES, cultural norms |
| Give an example of communical diseases | AIDs, TB, mumps, flu |
| Give an example of degenerative diseases | heart disease, cancer, stroke |
| What age bracket are females generally considered fertile? | 12-45 |
| Parson's Sick Role is what kind of interactionist view? | dramaturgical |
| What acts define a "just war"? | invasion/attack, protection of "innocents", protection of ways of happiness, presence of clear enemy, pre-emption |
| What are justified acts in war? | kill enemy soldiers, destroy military targets, don't kill woman, children or civilians, don't destroy schools, hospitals, places of worship. preserve history |
| What kind of abstract freedoms does democracy promise? | freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly |
| Defusion of power in democracy means what? | power between social institutions in defused and not linked (family, religion, and gov't are separate) |
| What cultural norms facilitate democracy? | individualism, compromise |
| A conflict theorist views religion as | an institution that numbs the people for the benefit of the elite |
| Karl Marx said "opiate of the masses" about which social institution and why? | Religion because opiates numb people into peace so they would not revolutionize, which was the main goal of Marx, revolution. |
| What kind of rituals, beliefs and other forms of civil religion exist in the United States? | hymns - Star Spangled Banner Oath - Pledge of Allegiance Writings - Declaration of Independence Prophets - George Washington, Ben Franklin Holy City - Washington DC Symbols - flag, eagle Holy Places - White House, Capital, Liberty ell, Arlington, Pearl Harbor |
| Value Consensus on Race and Ethnicity | Harmony can occur within a culture regardless of variations in race and ethnicity |
| Function of Race and Ethnicity | individuality |
| Dysfunction of race and ethnicity | isolation, stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination |
| latent function of race and ethnicity | genocide |
| Value Consensus on Education? | education is crucial in determine success/failure in society |
| manifest function of education? | capable of participating in democracy, self-sufficiency (individualism), transmits the american culture |
| latent function of eduction? | lessens those who make their way without higher education, higher education bubble, daycare function, peer isolation, social network, dating/mating pool |
| function of education? | literate population, talent, social mobility |
| dysfunction of eduction? | less people want to work, lower waged jobs/skilled jobs, money, time consuming |
| a conflict theorist sees education as... | having a "hide curriculum" with the value of the elite offered to the masses. |
| Scapegoat | a weak, convenient and socially approved target. ex: blacks, muslims, terrorists |
| prejudice vs discrimination | prejudice is a judgement, discrimination is an act |
| Segregation | physical or social exclusion of minority groups from dominant group activities |
| NAme 4 minority groups in america | hispanic, black, asian, american indian |
| Sex vs gender | sex is the biological and physical differences between males and females while gender in the cultural understanding of what is masculine and what is feminine |
| Gender Identity | acknowledging one's sex and internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors of the accompanying gender expectation |
| Androgyny | a blending of masculine and feminine attributes |
| What are some suggestions for fixes of the social security issue? | up the age, up the tax, drop amount given out, means test, increase birth rate, set limits |
| Which sociologist did extensive work on ageism? | Robert Butler |
| True or False: the less we age the more we are similar | TRUE |
| The Social Security act was created in what year? | 1935 |
| Who was social security intended for? | 65+ who had worked, the blind, widows with kids, disabled |
| Marriage | socially approved economic and sexual relationship that is assumed to be permanent |
| What are the two nuclear families most will have during their lifetime? | family of origin and family or procreation |
| Life Expectancy | a statistical average based on death in a society. It tells all about the society but none about the individual |
| In 1900, the US's life expectancy was at... | 50 |
| Prehistoric life expectancy was | 25 |
| Value Consensus on Gender | males and females are different and are expected to behave according to their assigned gender |
| What percent of americans live under the poverty line? | 13% |
| What is the amount of income that declares poverty for a family of four? | $22,350 |
| give examples of things that are dictated by your social class? | occupation, education, how you are perceived, who your friends are, interactions with police, free time, health, life expectancy, civic participation, family, how you talk, what you wear |
| The Lower class had better health that the poverty class? True or False | True, poverty class claims medicaid |
| Who is the father of dramaturgy? | Goffman |
| Name 4 ways sociology fits into a liberal education | challenges assumptions, enhances critical thinking skills, globalization, development of the sociological imagination |
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