Bio test 3
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Created by:
mbooth1119 on April 30, 2012
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101 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Pathogens | Disease causing organism |
| Contagious | When a pathogen can be spread from one organism to another |
| Infectious | When a pathogen finds tissue in the body that will support its growth |
| Parasites | Organisms that obtain shelter and nutrients required for growth from a host while contributing nothing to the survival of the host. |
| Microbes | Organisms that can only be seen with a microscope |
| Bacteria | Diverse group of single celled organisms |
| Prokaryotes | Bacteria are example. Do not have a nucleus or Golgi apparatus. Very small |
| Nucleoid region | Location of coiled up DNA in prokaryotes |
| Plasmids | Small, circular DNA molecules that are separate from the chromosomes |
| Cell wall | Surround bacteria cells and provide rigidity and protection and is composed of carbohydrate and protein molecules |
| Capsule | Helps bacteria attach to cells within tissues they infect |
| Flagella | Aid movement of bacteria |
| Pili | Help some bacteria cells attach to each other and pass genes |
| Binary fusion | Process of bacteria reproduction. |
| Viruses | Are not considered to be living organisms. Viruses are made of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat |
| Capsid | Protein coat surrounding a virus |
| Viral envelope | Additional structure outside of the capsule. Contains additional proteins and infect humans. |
| Latent viruses | Viruses that enter a state of dormancy in the blood |
| Prion | is a normally occurring protein produced by brain cells that, when misfolded, cause spongiform encephalopathy |
| Vector | The organism that carries disease-causing microorganisms from one host to another |
| Non-specific defenses | Immune defenses that do not distinguish one pathogen from another. Examples are skin and mucous membrane. |
| Phagocytes | White blood cells that indiscriminately attack invaders by engulfing and digesting them |
| Neutrophils | Art phagocytic white blood cells that respond to an infection by destroying bacterial cells and some types of fungi |
| Macrophages | White blood cells that move throughout the lymphatic fluid cleaning up dead and damaged cells |
| Pseudopodia | Cellular extensions used for eating and moving. Grab invading organisms |
| Eosinophils | Destroy big pathogens by secreting digestive enzymes |
| Natural Killer cell | Attack tumor cells and virus invaded body cells |
| Inflammatory response | A reaction producing redness, warmth, swelling and pain |
| Mast cells | Specialized connective tissue cells that release histamine |
| Basophils | White blood cells that release histamine |
| Histamine | Increases the size of blood vessels, called vasodilation |
| Interferons | Proteins produced by virus-infected body cells to uninfected cells resist infection |
| Complement proteins | Include at least 20 different proteins that circulate in the blood and helps other defense mechanisms |
| Fever | When body temperature is above the normal range of 97 to 99 degrees |
| Specific defense | When cells of the immune system identify and attack specific microorganisms |
| Lymphocytes | Group of white blood cells that are a specific defense system |
| Antigen | Foreign molecules that trigger an immune response |
| Major histocompatibility complex proteins | Proteins on the surface of tissues that are unique to the individual |
| B lymphocytes | Attack small living organisms such as bacteria and the toxins they produce |
| T lymphocytes | Respond to body cells that have gone awry, such as cancer cells or cells invaded by viruses |
| Specificity | The ability to recognize specific antigens. Displayed by lymphocytes |
| Antigen receptors | Proteins whose shape fits perfectly to a portion of a foreign molecule. Needed for recognition of antigens |
| Antibodies | Special protein secreted by B cells that locate and destroy antigens |
| Passive immunity | When antibodies are transferred from one person to another. An example is with breast feeding |
| Active immunity | When exposure to antigens causes the production of antibodies to combat the infection for the individuals lifetime |
| Immune response | The ability to respond to an infection |
| Autoimmune diseases | Diseases that result from a persons immune system attacking the body |
| Multiple sclerosis | Autoimmune disease that occurs when T cells specific for a protein on a nerve cell attack these cells in the brain |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes | Autoimmune disease where T and B cells attack cells that produce the hormone insulin in the pancreas |
| Lupus | Happens when self-antibodies form to react to the nuclei of all cells |
| Rheumatoid arthitis | Results from the immune system's attack on the synovial membranes that line some joints, such as fingers and toes |
| Humoral immunity | The protection afforded by B cells |
| Cell-mediated immunity | Immunity provided by T cells that depends on the involvement of cells rather than on antibodies |
| Plasma cells | Identical copies of B cells that help fight infections |
| Clonal population | The name given to all of the plasma cells |
| Vaccinations | Injections consisting of part of a virus in an inactivated state to allow body to build memory cells of the virus |
| Cytotoxic T cells | Directly attack and kill body cells that have become infected with a virus |
| Helper T cells | Boosters to the immune system. Detect invaders |
| Epidemic | A contagious disease that spreads swiftly and widely among members of a population |
| Epidemiologist | A scientist who attempts to determine who is prone to a particular disease, where the risk of disease is the highest, and when the disease is most likely to happen |
| Cancer | A disease that begins when a single cell replicates itself although it should not |
| Cell division | is the process cells undergoes to make a copy of itself |
| Tumor | A pileup or lump of cells from unregulated cell division |
| Metastasis | When cancerous tumors break apart and start new cancer in another location |
| Carcinogens | Cancer-causing substances |
| DNA | Located in the nucleus and carries genes for building proteins |
| Chromosomes | Where DNA is organized |
| Sister Chromatids | Each chromosome consists of two identical copies of DNA called these |
| Centromere | Area toward the middle of the replicated chromosome where sister chromatids are attached to each other |
| DNA Replication | The double stranded DNA molecule is copied, first by splitting the molecules in half up the middle of the helix. |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that assists in DNA synthesis. Needed for DNA replication |
| Interphase | Longest cell phase where cell spends its time performing its normal functions. |
| Mitosis | The division of the cell nucleus that helps produce daughter cells that are exact generic copies of the parent cell |
| Prophase | Stage where replicated chromosomes condense, allowing them to move around the cell without becoming entangled |
| Microtubules | Help move chromosomes around during cell division. Also called spindle fibers |
| Nuclear envelope | the membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
| metaphase | the replicated chromosomes are aligned across the middle or equator of each cell |
| anaphase | the centromere splits and the Microtubules shorten, pulling each sister chromotid of a chromosome to opposite poles of the cell |
| telephase | the nuclear envelopes re-form around the newly produced daughter nuclei and the chromosomes revert to their uncondensed form |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm |
| growth factors | stimulate cells to divide |
| angiogenesis | when cancer cells stimulate the growth of surrounding blood cells |
| contact inhibition | prevents normal cells from dividing when doing so would require them to pile onto another |
| anchorage dependence | when normal cells need some contact with an underlayer of cells to stay in place |
| telomerase | helps prevent the degradation of chromosomes |
| laparoscope | a surgical instrument used in a biopsy |
| chemotherapy | when chemicals are injected into the blood stream |
| radiation therapy | uses high energy particles to injure or destroy cells by damaging their DNA |
| remission | no longer suffering from the negative impacts of cancer |
| meiosis | form of cell division that occurs only in specialized cells within the testes of males and the ovaries of females |
| somatic | cells that carry half as many chromosomes as other non gamete cells ex. sperm and egg cells |
| karyotype | a highly magnified photograph of the chromosomes arranged in pairs |
| autosomes | nonsex chromosomes (makes 22 pairs) |
| alleles | different versions of the same gene |
| homologous pairs | the pairs of non-sex chromosomes |
| haploid | when only one member of each homologous pair is present in a cell ex. egg and sperm cells |
| zygote | the fertilized cell |
| diploid | when the zygote will contain two sets of chromosomes |
| crossing over | occurs during prophase I of meiosis I. involves the exchange of portions of chromosomes between members of a homologous pair |
| linked gene | two genes on the same chromosome |
| random alignment | increases the number of genetically distinct types of gametes that can be produced |
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