Chapter 10 How Proteins are Made
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Created by:
hughes-smithh on April 30, 2012
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These terms correlate to Biology: Principles and Explorations by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ribonucleic acid | A type of nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis that consists of a single strand of nucleotides. |
| ribose | A five carbon sugar molecule that contains an additional hydrogen atom. |
| transcription | The transfer of instructions for making a protein that are transferred from a gene to a mRNA molecule. |
| gene expression | The entire process in which proteins are made based on the information found within DNA. |
| RNA polymerase | An enzyme that adds and links complementary nucleotides during transcription. |
| promotor | A specific sequence of DNA that acts as the start signal for transcription. |
| mRNA | The from of RNA that carries instructions for making a protein from a gene and deliever it to the site of protein synthesis. |
| ribosomes | The site of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. |
| codons | A sequence of three nucleotides on a mRNA molecule that represents a specific amino acid. |
| Marshall Nirenberg | An American biochemist who deciphered the first condon in 1961 by making artificial mRNA. |
| tRNA | A single strand of RNA that temporarily carries specific amino acids to be linked into proteins. |
| anticodon | A sequence of three nucleotides found on tRNA that is complementary to a mRNA triplet. |
| rRNA | A from of RNA that are part of the structure of ribosomes. |
| translation | The portion of protein synthesis that occurs at the ribosomes in which the specified amino acids are linked together at the ribosomes to form a protein chain. |
| AUG | A mRNA codon that signals the beginning of a protein chain. |
| peptide bond | The type of bond that forms between amino acids to form a protein chain. |
| stop codon | One of three codons (UAG, UAA, or UGA) for which there is no tRNA molecule with a complementary triplet and signals the end of protein synthesis. |
| lactose | A disaccharide found in dairy products that consists of glucose and galactose. |
| operator | The piece of DNA that overlaps the promotor site and acts as an off-on switch. |
| operon | A group of genes that code for enzymes involved in the same function, their promotor site, and the operator that controls them. |
| repressor | A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promotor site thereby not allowing transcription to occur. |
| transcription factors | Regulatory proteins found in eukaryotes that control gene regulation. |
| enhancer | A sequence of DNA that influences transcriptin and is located thousands of nucleotide units away from the promotor. |
| introns | A long segment of nucleotides that contain no coding information for a protein. |
| exons | Portions of a gene that are translated into proteins. |
| point mutations | Mutations that change one or just a few nucleotides in a gene on a chromosome. |
| substitution | A type of point mutation in which one or more nucleotides is replaced with a different nucleotide. |
| deletion | A type of point mutation in which one or more nucleotides are missing from a gene. |
| insertion | A type of point mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene. |
| frameshift mutation | A type of mutation which causes a gene to be read in teh wrong three nucleotide sequence because the reading pattern has been displaced one or two positions. |
| transposons | Genes that have moved from one chromosome location to another, often seen in Indian corn. |
| lac operon | The operon found in bacteria that controls the metabolism of lactose. |
| lactase | A digestive enzyme that breaks down the milk sugar found in dairly products. |
| amino acids | The subunits of polypeptide chains and protein molecules. |
| hemoglobin | A type of protein molecule responsible for the transport of oxygen in red blood cells. |
| keratin | A type of protein found in skin, hair, fingernails, and other structural parts. |
| insulin | A type of protein that regulates the metabolism of sugar in the bloodstream. |
| enzymes | A type of protein that assist in controlling chemical and metabolic reactions. |
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