Chapter 9 Biology Test on Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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Testacular on May 1, 2012
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83 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Photosynthesis | The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen |
| Cellular respiration | The process by which cells produce energy from carboydrates |
| ATP | Adenosine triophosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogeneous base, a sugar and three phosphate groups |
| ATP Synthase | an enzyme that catalyzes the synthase of ATP |
| What would happen without energy? | Living things would not be able to maintain homeostasis |
| Organisms storing energy | Organisms use and store energy in the chemical bonds of organic compounds. Almost all of the energy comes from the sun |
| Energy from the sun enters | The Living system |
| Autotroph | An organism that undergoes photosynthesis |
| Organisms that cannot make their own nutrients are organisms that | must consume autotrophs |
| Heterotroph | An organism that does not undergo photosynthesis and cannot make its own nutrients, and must eat autotrophs to survive |
| Metabolism involves | Using energy to build organic molecules or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored |
| An organism's metabolism | Is part of the earth carbon cycle |
| Photosynthesis occurs in the | Chloroplast |
| Cellular respiration longer and more detailed definition | The process by which organisms extract energy stored in glucose and release carbon to produce carbon dioxide waste |
| Cellular respiration process occurs in the | Mitochondrian |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6CO2+6H20+energy= C6H12O6+6O2 |
| Cellular respiration equation | C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+energy |
| Chemical reactions | Energy can be absorbed and released during the forming and breaking of bonds |
| Release of chemical energy in cells | Chemical energy is gradually released in a series of chemical reactions that are assisted by enzymes |
| Enzymes | Proteins that act as a biochemical catalyst in chemical reactions |
| Transfering energy | When energy is released by the process of breaking down food most of it is released in the form of heat |
| Remaining energy | Used to make ATP |
| ATP | The energy molecule that can be used to power chemical reactions |
| Thylakoid | A membrane system found within the chloroplasts that contain the components for photosynthesis |
| Pigment | A substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis |
| Calvin cycle | A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH |
| Plant cells pigments | molecules that absorb light energy |
| Chlorophyll 2 | Plants used energy captured by the chlorophyll to change carbon dioxide and water into food |
| Glucose 2 | When plants make glucose they convert energy that can be stored |
| Oxygen | is a product of photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis three stages | Stage 1: Capturing Light Energy Stage 2: Using Light Energy to Make ATP and NADPH= Light Reaction Stage 3: Building Carboydrates= dark reaction |
| Stage 1: Capturing Light Energy | The sun emits many types of wavelengths. Plants absorb wavelengths in the visible light range. This is called electromagnetic radiation. |
| Pigments | Compound that absorbs sunlight |
| Chlorophyll 3 | The main type of pigment used in photosynthesis |
| Two types of chlorophyll | Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B |
| Chlorophyll light | Absorbs red and blue light but reflects yellow and green light |
| Carotene | Orange pigment found in plants |
| Rodoxin | Red pigment found in plants |
| xanthrophyll | yellow pigment found in plants |
| Carotenoids light | absorb blue and green light but reflect yellow, orange and red light |
| Reason for multiple pigments | to maximize the amount of energy from sunlight |
| Chlorophyll in cold temperatures | breaks down allowing other pigments to be visible |
| Where are chlorophyll found? | In the organelle called chloroplasts |
| What happens when thylakoids are struck? | The electrons of the chlorophyll are boosted to a higher energy level |
| electron molecules | pass through a chain of electron carriers |
| First step of light reaction/ stage 2 of photosynthesis | Photosynthesis begins when light strikes a chlorophyll molecule in the membrane of a thykaloid. The light excites an electron and pass through a chain of electron carriers. |
| Second step of light reaction | The energy carried by the electron carriers powers the movement of protons into the thykaloid |
| Third step of light reaction | When light strikes a second chlorophyll molecule it excites an electron that passes through anothe chain of electron carriers. The electron and a proton are joined to NADP forming NADPH energy to be used in the final stage of photosynthesis |
| Fourth step of light reaction | Protons leave a thykaloid by diffusing through ATP synthase. The force of their exit adds a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP (energy to be used in the final stage of photoysynthesis) |
| Fifth step of light reaction | The splitting of water molecules releases electrons and protons into the thykaloid and produces oxygen gas |
| NADP stands for | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| NADPH | The NADPH produced by photosynthesis is then used as reducing power for the biosynthetic reactions in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis |
| NADPH is used as | an energy source |
| Stage 3 of photosynthesis:Building Carboydrates | Carbon atoms are captured by the carbon dioxide and is used to make organic molecules |
| Calvin Cycle | A series of reactions that can assemble complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as needed for energy and growth for the plant |
| Calvin cycle takes place in the | stroma of the chloroplast |
| Energy that drives the Calvin cycle | comes from stage 2 of photosynthesis: ATP and NADPH |
| Calvin cycle uses | carbon from carbon dioxide in the air and energy from photosynthesis from photoysnthesis (Stage 2 ADP and NADPH) to produce a series of organic molecules which store energy |
| Organic molecules | Used to make sugars and other substances needed for energy and growth |
| Some organic molecules | return to the beginning of the cycle, enabling the capture of carbon dioxide to continue this cycle of making organic molecules |
| Factors that affect photosynthesis | 1. light intensity 2. temperature 3. carbon dioxide concentration |
| Glycolysis | The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
| Anaerobic | Describes a process that does not require oxygen |
| Aerobic | Describes a process that requires oxygen |
| Krebs Cycle | A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water |
| Fermentation | The breakdown of carbohydrates and enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absense of oxygen |
| Cellular respiration 2 | The process of releasing energy from carbohydrates and other organic molecules |
| What happens in cellular respiration? | Cells release energy from organic molecules to obtain the energy that is used to power chemical reactions |
| How many stages does cellular respiration have? | two |
| Two stages of cellular respiration | Glycolsis and oxidative respiration |
| Glycolsis2 | The process that breaks down glucose in cell's cytoplasm and releases a small amount of energy |
| Oxidative respiration | A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria. The process by which cells get most of their energy |
| Glycolysis is the | oldest biological process that we know |
| What does glycolysis mean? | The splitting of glucose |
| What happens during glycolsis? | One molecule of glucose is split into two molecules called pyruvic acid |
| Fermentation occurs without the | presence of oxygen |
| Pyruvic acid | the product of glycolysis, that is broken down to carbon dioxide and ethyl acohol or into lactic acid |
| When can anaerobic respiration occur in humans? | When vigorously excercising without having enough oxygen supplied to our muscles |
| What does anaerobic respiration result in? | The build up of lactic acid, an alternative energy source. However, when the muscles cannot get rid of lactic acid quick enough, the muscles become tired. This process occurs in muscle cells. |
| Oxidative respiration 2 | Is the breakdown of pyruvic acid from glycolysis to make 36 molecules of ATP |
| Oxidative respiration equation | C6H12O6+6O2= 6CO2+6H2O+36ATP |
| process of oxidative respiration | Each pyruvic acid molecule is broken down into a two carbon fragment and a carbon dioxide molecule. If ATP is needed the two carbon fragment enters the Krebs cycle. It joins with a four carbon sugar. Additional reactions produce carbon dioxide and ATP as they regenerate the starting material. ATP is generated, and the electrons and hydrogen atoms join with oxygen to form water. |
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