Biology Final
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150 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Why are day lengths not the same throughout the year towards the poles? | The earth's axis is tilted |
| Why is solar energy important to the ecosystem? | It affects the temperature and supports photosynthesis |
| A biome with a winter, summer,spring and fall, and average rainfall is a ___________ biome | Mid-latitude deciduous forest |
| Define this biome: Very short growing season, 24 hour sunlight in the summer, shallow ponds and marshes, permafrost, cold long winters with little sunlight, light snow and high winds. | Tundraaaaaa |
| Define this biome: Trees with broad leaves that fall each autumn, four distinct seasons, long summer days with much radiant energy, high precipitation | Mid-latitude deciduous forest. |
| Define is biome: Trees mainly evergreen conifers, many browsing animals such as deer and moose. | Taiga |
| Deifne this biome: Migratory animals and birds, such as geese and caribou, small animals such as lemmings, vegetation dominated by grasses lichens and moss, swarms of insects. | Tundra |
| Sun nearly overhead throughout year, temperature, humidity, day lengths, light energy all consistent throughout the year. Rainfall very high. | Tropical rainforest. |
| Define this biome: extends in a broad band across northern Europe, Asia and north america, characterized by evergreen trees, lakes, ponds, and bogs, winters cold and days short, snowfall. | Taigaaaaa |
| Where is most photosynthesis occurring? | Canopy/leaves |
| In which layer would a slight decrease in sunlight probably have the most significant effect on the plants? | Shrubs layer |
| The coldest biome is the: | Tundra |
| A climax community is considered relatively permanent in terms of ______ - _______ _________ | Naturally-occurring successions |
| Human activities are most likely to affect a biome's A) successions B) latitude C) day length D) long-term climatic changes | A) succession |
| Which human activities have affected biomes? | Overgrazing, Removal of Trees, Burning of Coal and other fossil fuels |
| What term is defined as the number of individuals that live in the same area at the same time? | Population |
| What two factors cause population to decrease? | Emigration and mortality |
| The difference between which two rates of population change can be used to determine the rate of increase of the human population on this planet? | birth rate and mortality rate |
| If our country went through many years in which more people died than were born, what would explain a continued increase in population? | immigration |
| Which is part of the biotic environment? A weather B vegetation C Emigration D birthrate | B Vegetation |
| "Eleven cockroaches per square foot of Jen's Math room, in the Paideia School, GA" is an expression of.... | density: concentration of organisms in an area |
| Students captured 9, 4, and 7 beetles of the same type in three different one-square plots of forest floor. What would a calculation of the beetle population be based on? | sampling |
| What factor usually is responsible for limiting the size of each population in the biosphere? | Carrying Capacity |
| Which best illustrates a population at homeostasis? | Any STABLE population |
| Which probably has the most rapid dispersal? | Mushroom spores blowing in the wind |
| How is dispersal related to the geographic range of a species? | it can extend the geographic range |
| What is a food calorie a measure of? | the energy in the food |
| What is the problem with highly mechanized farming methods? | they use more energy than they produce |
| From the start of this century in the United States, improved medical treatment has caused infectious diseases to no longer be the major cause of death. In this country, what is currently the leading cause of death? | Degenerative diseases associated with aging |
| In the future, there may be another factore that becomes the major cause of death in the United States. What would a reasonable prediction of what that cause might be? | Environmentally caused disease |
| Which domestic use of water ordinarily is the greatest? | Bathing/Showering |
| The production of which food item requires the greatest amount of water? Beef, Egg, Apple, Corn | 1 lb. of beef |
| A community is defined for a given place and time as a set of interacting A Ecosystems B Consumers C Populations D producers | populations |
| An abiotic environment and all the types of organisms that live in it make up that area's ____________ | Ecosystem |
| All the organisms living in and on a decaying log can best be described as a | Community: a community is a group of interacting living organisms sharing a populated environment. |
| Which of the following organisms is a carnivore? A. Rabbit B. Cow C. Sheep D. Cat E. William Fry | D. Cat. William is an omnivore. |
| An herbivore eats plants, which are also called... | Producers |
| Where is the greatest total amount of energy located in the food web? | Plant Populations. All that photosynthesis adds up. |
| The recycling of materials in the food web is completed by the... | Scavengers and Decomposers |
| A population of deer has lived on an island for several decades. The owners of the island want to add a new species of herbivorous mammal. They want the new species and the deer population to coexist. What characteristics of the new species would prevent coexistence? | If the new species would occupy the same niche as the deer, the two could not coexist. |
| A bluebird that nests in an abandoned woodpecker hole illustrates a relationship between the two birds that is called | Indirect |
| What is an example of "Competition"? (i.e., for food) | A wolf eats a sheep belonging to a human who would have eaten the sheep. |
| A house cat kills and eats a mouse. In this relationship the mouse is the _______ | Prey |
| Two organisms that eat the same types of foods show the relationship called.... | Competition. |
| Give an example of a producer | Grass, any plant |
| Which are consumers? A grass B insects, mice C bacteria & fungi | Insects and Mice |
| Which organisms convert light energy to chemical energy via photosynthesis? A William Fry B Bacteria C Mice D Grass | Grass |
| Which organisms are decomposers? | Bacteria and mushrooms |
| Which organism is an omnivore? A. Horse B. Wolf C. Bear | Bear. Bears eat berries and fruits. |
| Which of the following would be most numerous in an ecosystem? A Omnivores B Producers C Carnivores D Herbivore | B. Producers |
| Which group of organisms would have the greatest total mass? A. Mountain Lions B. Grass C. Bacteria D. Deer | Grass |
| If mountain lions increased in numbers, a count of rabbits and deer would probably reveal that they had.... | decreased in number |
| How has our use of insecticide DDT affected ecosystems? | DDT has accumulated in predators, killing them and resulting in ecosystem instability. |
| Which term includes the other three? Herbicide Insecticide Fungicide Biocide | Biocide |
| Human intervention in ecosystems usually has the result of.... | decreasing the number of that species |
| Countries in the first stage of demographic transition have: | High death rates and high birth rates. But according to Magnus, it's low death rates, high birth rates. He's wrong. But go with his answer anyway. |
| The human population experienced exponential growth after what major lifestyle breakthrough was made? | industrial revolution |
| The anticipated human population by year 2050 is about _______ | 9 billion |
| In countries like India, the human population is growing __________ | exponentially |
| In a wildlife preserve, biologists determined the yearly rates for several factors related to the bluebird population. The average birthrate was 75 per year, the immigration was 15, and the emigration was 40. What would explain why this population did not increase? | Death rate of 50. (Birthrate: 75) + (Immigration: 15)= 90 90 - (emigration: 40)= 50 The death rate must be 50 if the population doesn't increase |
| Are the limiting factors for all cultures density-dependent or density-independent? | Density-dependent because the more of a species you have in one area, the more stressed limiting factors (such as resources or mating) will be. |
| In the Hardy-Weinburg equation, the term 2pq represents the frequency of the ______ | Heterozygotes |
| Scientists measures the circumference of acorns in a population of oak trees and discovers that the most common circumference is 2cm. What would you expect the most common circumference(s) to be after 10 generations of stabilizing selection? | 2 cm. note: compare Stabilizing Selection to Directional Selection and Disruptive Selection |
| Which of the following would cause deviation from the Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium? | Small Population |
| Define "Fitness" | Fitness is a measure of the combination of a genotype to the gene pool of the next generation. |
| In the following population, what would the allelic frequency for the dominant allele? 20 homozygous recessives, 320 homozygous dominant, 160 heterozygotes. | Allelic frequency for the dominant allele= 80% Explained: (*^2 means "squared") 20 homozygous recessive= q^2 320 homozygous dominant= p^2 160 heterozygotes= 2pq Dominant allele is "p", 320 homozygous dominant Total population is 500 (320+20+160=500) To find "p^2", 320/500= 64%. Remember, 320=p^2 To find "p", take the square root of .64 =.8= p Question asks for Dominant Allele frequency, which is "p", which we know is .8, or 80% |
| The ability to taste PTC is due to the dominant allele (T) and the non-tasting is due to the recessive allele (t). 1600 people were tested in a survey. 461 were non-tasters, a frequency of .288. Their genotype is homozygous recessive (tt). Calculate the gene frequencies of the population and how many people you would expect to have a homozygous dominant genotype. | TT frequency= 21.44% Tt frequency=49.73% tt frequency= 28.8% 343 people would be expected to have the homozygous dominant trait. |
| Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called | Autotrophs |
| Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into | oxygen and high-energy sugars and starches |
| What is used in the overall reaction for photosynthesis? | Carbon Dioxide, Water, Sun light |
| The first plants evolved from | an organism similar to multicellular green algae |
| Where would you be most likely to find moss? | Cool, shady, moist, low ground |
| Xylem tissue is important to ferns because... | Can conduct water over long distances |
| Club mosses are A nonvascular plants B Seed plants C flowering plants D seedless vascular plants | Seedless vascular plants |
| Ferns spores are produced in the ______ | sporangia |
| The gametophytes on gymnosperms are found inside reproductive structures called _____________ | cones |
| What plant structure includes a plant embryo, a food supply, and a protective covering | Seed |
| The four groups of gymnosperms are conifers, ginkgoes, gnetophytes and ______ | cycads |
| Angiosperms produce seeds inside protective structures called ___________ | ovaries |
| Unlike a dicot, a monocot has | parallel leaf veins |
| Flowering plants that complete a life cycle within a single growing season are called | Annuals |
| If some of the xylem of a young oak tree were destroyed, it would most likely interfere with the tree's ability to ___________ | conduct water to the leaves |
| Vascular tissue in plants consists of | xylem and phloem |
| A carrot is a _____________ | taproot |
| Starting at the root cap, what is the correct sequence of cell activity? | division, elongation, differentiation |
| The vascular tissue in a plant's stem is continuous from the _________ to the _________. | roots to the leaves |
| What might a thin tree ring indicate? | a year of drought |
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of a leaf through _______ | stomata |
| Most of the photosynthetic activity in plants takes place in the ___________ *hint: not "leaves" | mesophyll |
| The stomata of leaves are usually open in: A. light if a plant has enough water B. light if a plant has too little water C. darkness if a plant has enough water D. darkness if a plant has too little water | Light if a plant has enough water |
| The closing of a plants stomata will cause less _________ to be pulled from ______ | will cause less water to be pulled from roots |
| Pollen grains are produced by ____________ | male reproductive structures |
| In angiosperms, reproduction takes place in ____________ | The flower |
| What is true of all fruits? | All fruits have seeds |
| What fruit eating animal would likely ensure the widest dispersal of a plant's seed? Rat Raccoon Fish Bird William Fry Squirrel | A Bird |
| In the meristem region of plants, you would expect to find _________ type of cells | Dividing cells |
| Auxins are produced in the ______ | Apical Meristem |
| What type of hormone affects plant growth and development of fruits? | Gibberellin |
| What is the source of ethylene gas in a plant? | fruit tissues |
| The response of plants to external stimuli are called | Phototropism |
| Define: Gravitropism | Growth movement by a plant in response to gravity |
| A commercial flower grower could induce winter flowering of a long-day plant by | Exposing the plant to a brief period of light in the middle of the night |
| Difference between gametophyte and sporophyte | Gametophyte: reproductive structure Sporophyte: mature, full, plant |
| How are the vascular bundles of a monocot arranged? | parallel veins |
| How are the vascular bundles arranged in a dicot? | arranged in a ring |
| What are the roots of a monocot like? | Fibrous |
| Dicots have flowers in parts of multiples of ____ or ____ | Four or Five |
| What is the cuticle? Where is it and what is its function? | Waxy covering, topmost layer of a leaf, helps prevent water loss |
| Why are the vascular bundles in the spongey mesophyll loosely packed? | To allow room for gas exchange |
| What two tissues make up the vascular bundle? | Xylem and Phloem |
| Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study | the inheritance of traits |
| When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the next generation of plants inherited | an allele for tallness from the tall parent and an allele for shortness from the short parent |
| A tall plant is crossed with a short plant. If the tall plants of the next generation are allowed to self-pollinate, what will happen? | some of the offspring will be tall, some short. |
| When you flip a coin, what is the probability of it coming up tails? | 1/2 |
| The principales of probability can be used to predict _______about the offspring produced by genetic crosses? | traits |
| A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that the next generation will be as tall is ____% | 50% |
| Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are ___________ | homozygous |
| If you made a Punnett square showing Gregor Mendel's cross between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding short plants, the square would show that the offspring had a genotype that was _________ from that of both parents | Different |
| How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY? | 2 |
| If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many different phenotypes are their offspring expected to show? | 2 |
| Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called | Incomplete Dominance |
| A cross of a black chicken (BB) with a white chicken (WW) produces all speckled offspring (BBWW). This is a type of | Codominance |
| Variation in human skin color is an example of | Polygenic traits |
| Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics apply to | Your mom. Jk, all organisms |
| A male and female bison that are both heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation (Aa) produce an albino offspring (aa). Which of Mendel's principles explain(s) why the offspring is albino? | Dominance and Segregation |
| If an organism's diploid number is 12, it's haploid number is ___ | 6 |
| If an allele makes up one fourth of a population's alleles for a given trait, it's relative frequency is _____ | 25% |
| A single gene trait that has two alleles and that shows a simple dominant recessive pattern will result in | two phenotypes |
| The allele frequencies of a population are more likely to remain unchanged if | all mating is random |
| If pea plants that are homozygous for round, yellow seeds (RRYY) were crossed with pea plants that are heterozygous for round, yellow seeds (RrYy), the expected phenotype(s) of the offspring would be ___________ | All offspring would have round, yellow seeds |
| Define: Climax Community | Mature ecosystem |
| Define: Primary Succession | No soil Establishment of an ecosystem where there was none before |
| Succession Stages | 1. Grassy Field 2. Small Shrubs 3. Saplings 4. Mature Forest |
| Aquatic Biome Climate Factors: | 1. Water. H2O, O2 and CO2 content 2. Temperature 3. Depth 4. Salinity (salty vs. fresh) 5. Animal life (fish, seabirds) |
| Lakes and ponds are found at ________ elevations | low |
| Lakes and pond temperatures are generally _________ | warmer |
| True or False: Lakes and Ponds have a lot of O2 | False |
| Organisms found in lakes and ponds: | Bass, amphibians |
| True or False: in ponds, sunlight reaches to the bottom | True |
| Ponds are fed by | springs/brooks |
| Decomposers found in ponds are: | Crab, Fungi, Bacteria, Worms, and Fish |
| Rivers and stream are found at what elevations? | high elevations |
| The temperature of rivers and streams is generally | cold |
| What kind of water can be found in an Estuary? | brackish, half salt, half fresh water |
| What have organisms living in estuaries adapted to? | Varying salinity levels, because of the ebb and flow of the tide |
| Difference between wetlands, bogs, fens, and marshes | Bog: waterlogged, may or may not have soil, fed by precipitation Fens: same as bog but fed by groundwater and surface run off Marshes: high grass, no trees, high productivity Swamp: Bald Cypress trees, high productivity |
| 4 examples of Marin ecosystems | 1. Shoreline 2. Barrier Island 3. Coral Reef 4. Open Ocean |
| Macro-scale | the effect of heating |
| Hadley cells. | Air is heated at the equator and rises up to the arctic where it cools and falls again to the equator, where it is heated up again. Air currents/cycle |
| Ocean currents | Move by transferring hot and cold water |
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