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vibration back-and-forth motion of an object sound wave A longitudinal wave that is caused by vibrations and that travels through a material medium. longitudinal wave made of compressions and rarefactions. - like a SLINKY medium is any substance that a wave can travel through tinnitus ringing in the ears, a common type of hearing loss intensity loudness of sounds pitch how high or low the sound seems to be frequency wave is the number of compressions or rarefactions produced in a certain amount of time ultrasonic Sounds with frequencies too high for people to hear doppler effect a change in the pitch of a sound you hear that is caused by motion - like a police car siren as it passes you loudness a measure of how well the sound can be heard amplitude a measure of how far particles move when the wave passes them decibel unit to measure loudness. oscilloscope a device that can produce graphs to represent sound waves