OB/GYN Anatomy
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123 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Mound of adipose tissue, skin, and hair that cushions the pubic symphysis? | Mons Pubis (mons veneris) |
| Amt of fat in mons pubis does what during puberty and menopause? | Increases in puberty Decreases in menopause |
| This is a terminus of the round ligament of the uterus and extends interiorly and posteriorly? | Labia majora |
| This is a scrotom homolog? | Labia majora |
| Which contains sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, labia majora or labia minora? | Labia majora |
| This contains only sebaceous glands, is hairless and folds medial to the labia major? | Labia minora |
| This is a penile shaft skin homolog? | Labia minora |
| Where does the labia minora merge anteriorly? | Clitoris |
| Covering of the clitoris? | Prepuce (clitoral hood) |
| This is a small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves? | Clitoris |
| Exposed portion of the clitoris? | Glans |
| This is a glans penis homolog? | Clitoris |
| Where is the vestibule located? | Between the labia minora |
| What does the vestibule contain? | External urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Ducts of several glands |
| Where is the external urethral orifice located? | Located anterior to the vaginal orifice and posterior to the clitoris |
| Membranous urethra homolog? | Vestibule |
| What consists of 2 elongated masses of erectile tissue and is deep to the labia on both sides of the vaginal orifice? | Bulb of the vestibule |
| Corpus Spongiosum homolog | Bulb of the vestibule |
| Which glands produce a small amount of mucus during sexual arousal and provide lubrication? | Greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands (4 and 7 o'clock) |
| Bulbourethral gland homolog? | Greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands |
| Which glands are located on both sides of the vaginal orifice? | Greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands |
| Which glands secrete mucus into ducts that open into the urethral orifice? | Paraurethral (Skene's) glands |
| Which glands are located on either side of the urethral orifice? | Paraurethral (Skene's) glands |
| Prostate homolog? | Paraurethral (Skene's) glands |
| A diamond-shaped area medial to the thighs and buttocks in males and females? | Perineum |
| What area contains the external genitalia and anus? | Perineum |
| What is the perineum bound by anteriorly? | Pubic symphysis |
| What is the perineum bound by laterally? | Ischial tuberosities |
| What is the perineum bound by posterolaterally? | Sacrotuberous ligaments |
| What is the perineum bound by posteriorly? | Coccyx |
| Name the 2 triangular areas contained in the perineum | Urogenital (external genitalia and urethral orifice) and anal (anus) |
| This supports the abdominal and pelvic organs, composed of levator ani and coccyges, and is important in fecal continence? | Pelvic diaphragm |
| What muscles compose the Levator Ani muscle group? | Puborectalis Pubococcygeus Iliococcygeus |
| T/F. The Levator Ani muscle is tonically contracted most of the time to provide fecal/urinary continence. | True |
| What is the urogenital diaphragm? | Fibromuscular sheet that stretches across the pubic arch |
| Purpose of urogenital diaphragm | Provides framework for attachment of erectile body of clitoris Major source of vesicourethral control |
| This is the shape and size of an inverted pear? | Uterus |
| What does the uterus consist of? | Fundus Body Isthmus |
| What layer of muscle forms the Pouch of douglas and vesicouterine pouch? | Perimetrium |
| What is the lowest point in the abdominal cavity for fluid accumulation? | Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas) |
| What commonly causes excess fluid in the pouch of douglas? | Ruptured ovarian cyst local or distant malignancy |
| What connects the two superficial transverse perineal muscles and is a common area for dissection to loosen up the muscles in that area? | Perineal body |
| Where is the perineal body located? | Center of the bases of the urogenital and anal triangles |
| T/F. There is no perimetrium or peritoneal separating the bladder and the cervix. | True |
| What area contains the thinnest part of the myometrium? | Cervix |
| What muscle contracts as a result of oxytocin release during labor and delivery? | Myometrium of the uterus |
| The myometrium contracts when what hormone is secreted during labor and delivery? | Oxytocin |
| How many layers compose the myometrium? | 3 |
| Which layer of the myometrium is circular? | 2 |
| Which layer of the myometrium is thickest? | Circular (middle) |
| What layer of the uterus is composed of simple columnar epithelium? | Endometrium |
| Is the endometrium ciliated and secretory? | Yes |
| Which layer of the uterus is most vascularized? | Endometrium |
| Where does the cervical canal open into the uterine cavity? | Internal os |
| Where does the cervical canal open into the vagina? | External os |
| What structure elongates during pregnancy (after the 28th week) and becomes the lower uterine segment? | Uterine isthmus |
| What are the main cell types of the cervix? | Squamous epi cells and columnar epi cells |
| Where are squamous epi cells located in the cervix? | Ectocervix (exocervix) |
| Where are the columnar epi cells located in the cervix? | Endocervix (cervical canal) |
| Portio | portion of the cervix extending into the vagina. Includes parts of the endocervix and exocervix |
| Fornix | Recessed vagina that borders the lateral cervix |
| Where does 95% of the cervical neoplasia occur? | Transformation zone |
| Ectropion | Columnar cells are visible on the ectocervix |
| When does ectropion most commonly occur? | near menarche, during pregnancy, or when using oral contraceptives |
| What symptoms will the patient experience when ectropion occurs? | More vaginal secretions or postcoital spotting |
| Which ligaments help maintain anteversion? | Round ligaments |
| When do gonads begin to form during gestation? | 4 weeks |
| When do primordial germ cells in the ovary complete first meiotic division during gestation? | 20 weeks |
| When does the undiff embryo begin to respond to gene effects of Y chromosomes? | 8-9 weeks |
| What is the earliest that you can determine if the embryo is going to be a female or male? | 8-9 weeks (appearance or non-appearance of Sertoli cells coming from the Y chromosomes) |
| Which of genital ducts is female, (Paramesonephric duct or Mesonephric Ducts) | Paramesonephric (Muellerian) Ducts |
| Which of the genital ducts is male, (Paramesonephric duct or Mesonephric Ducts)? | Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts |
| What causes the phenotypic appearance in males? | Hormones produced by the fetal testes |
| What causes regression of the Muellerian ducts? | Mullerian Duct Inhibitory Substance (MIS) secreted by the Sertoli cells whose proliferation are generated by the Y chromosome |
| What is produced by the Leydig cells? | Testosterone |
| What is normal pH for the vagina? | 3.8 to 4.5 (acidic) |
| How much cervical mucus does the average woman produce per day? | 20 - 60 ml |
| How does the cervical mucus become more sperm friendly? | Becomes less viscous and more alkaline |
| How long are the fallopian tubes usually? | 4 inches or 10 cm long |
| Function of the fallopian tubes | Transport the 2ndary oocytes, ovum, zygote, and sperm |
| Where are the fallopian tubes located? | Between the folds of the broad ligaments |
| What part of the fallopian tube opens to the pelvic cavity and has fimbriae on the lateral portion? | Infundibulum |
| What produces local currents that draw the ovulated 2ndary oocyte into the fallopian tube? | Infundibulum |
| T/F. The Infundibulum is attached to the contralateral ovary. | False (ipsilateral) |
| What is the longest part of the fallopian tube? | Ampulla |
| What part of the fallopian tube is connected to the anteriolateral wall of the uterus? | Isthmus |
| What are the 3 parts of the fallopian tube? | Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus |
| Which layer of the fallopian tube is composed of ciliated epithelium containing secretory (peg) cells with microvilli? | Mucosa |
| What is the function of the secretory (peg) cells in the mucosa of the fallopian tube? | Secrete fluid containing nutrients for the oocyte (fertilized ovum and sperm) |
| What kind of motion does the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube perform to move the oocyte to the uterine cavity? | Peristalsis |
| What are the 4 major pelvic ligaments? | Cardinal Round Broad Uterosacral |
| Which pelvic ligaments anchor the cervix and vagina to the pelvic wall and provides most of the passive support of the uterus (with the bladder)? | Cardinal |
| Which pelvic ligaments divide pelvis into anterior and posterior compartments? | Broad |
| Which pelvic ligament anchors the uterus to the pelvic wall? | Broad |
| Which pelvic ligament actually envelopes the round ligaments? | Broad |
| What is the portion of the broad ligament that contains the fallopian tube called? | Mesosalpinx |
| Which pelvic ligaments anchor the uterus to the sacrum? | Uterosacral |
| Bregma | Anterior fontanelle with 3 suture lines attached (anterior, posterior, and transverse) |
| What is the favorable presenting diameter of the average full term infant? | Suboccipitobregmatic (vertex, OA, flexed) 9.5cm |
| Name the 4 basic bony pelvic shapes | Anthropoid Android Gynecoid Platypelloid |
| Which of the basic bony pelvic shapes are most favorable for vaginal delivery? | Anthropoid -20% Gynecoid - 50% |
| What are the pelvic planes? | Pelvic Inlet Plane of Greatest Diameter Plane of Least Diameter Pelvic Outlet |
| Pelvic inlet? | Opening into the true pelvis that contains the bladder, uterus; Path of the birth canal from sacral promontory to pubic symphisis. |
| How does the fetal head enter the pelvic inlet? | Enters in transverse position |
| What are the pelvic inlet boundaries? | Superior border of pubis Linea terminalis (iliopectineal line) Sacral promontory |
| What are the boundaries for the plane of greater diameter? | Posterior pubis at maximum convexity Superior border of obturator formina 2nd/3rd sacral vertebral junction |
| What is important about the plane of least diameter? | Clinically most important Frequent site of arrests |
| What is the boundaries for the plane of least diameter? | Lower posterior pubic edge anteriorly Ischial spines and sacrospinous ligaments laterally Sacrum posteriorly |
| What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet? | Sacrotuberous ligaments and sacrococcygeal joint posteriorly Inferior margins of pubic rami anteriorly Ischial tuberosities laterally |
| what are the 3 key diameters to assess for fetal descent during labor? | Inlet Midplane Outlet |
| What are the 3 types of measurements for the pelvic inlet? | True conjugate Obstetric conjugate Diagnonal conjugate |
| What measurement of the pelvic inlet is made by measuring the length of the finger that can go into the vaginal cavity? (From sacral promontory to just outside of the vagina.) | Diagnonal conjugate |
| How do you get the obstetric conjugate? | Subtract 1.5 cm to 2 cm from Diagonal conjugate. (Estimating 1.5 to 2 cm of bone and soft tissue) |
| Fetal head engagement | Fetal biparietal diameter passes through pelvic inlet and seen in obstetric conjugate |
| Pelvic outlet | Distance between the maternal ischial tuberosities (Width/diameter of birth canal) |
| Station | Description of where the bony presenting part is in relationship to the ischial spines |
| What station is the bony presenting part when the head is engaged? | 0 station |
| Asynclitic | Head engages crooked or cock-eyed instead of parallel to pelvic plane |
| Synclitic | Head engages parallel to the pelvic plane |
| What station is the bony presenting part when it is 2 cm before reaching the ischial spine? | -2 station |
| How can an asynclitic type of fetal head engagement help in the birthing process in some cases? | When it enters the pelvis, the asynclitic diameter is actually shorter than the biparietal diameter. |
| What are the estimates of the midplane? | Pelvic Side Walls - Convergent - Parallel (Usual and desired) Bispinous diameter (distance between ischial spines) - Prominent - Average Sacrospinous ligament - Usually 3 fingers between ischial spine & midline sacrum |
| What are the estimates of the pelvic outlet? | Posterior sagittal - >8cm Infrapubic angle - >90 degrees Bituberous diameter - >8.5cm |
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