HH215 Final Exam Key Terms
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17 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Gratian | Roman emperor from 367-383 Upon the death of his father, he was appointed sole ruler of the west spent most of his reign in Gaul, repelling tribes that persisted to invade across the river greatly influenced by St. Ambrose deserted by troops after his attempt to overrule the power of the new British emperor, Magnus Maximus first ruler to omit "supreme priest" from his title |
| William the Conqueror | First Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 until his death marriage allowed him to gain a powerful ally, the country of Flanders; later secured control over the neighboring country of Maine After building a large fleet, William invaded England in September 1066 and decisively defeated and killed Harold at the Battle of Hastings |
| Figures of medieval science and exploration | Galen - prominent Roman (of Greek ethnicity) physician, surgeon, and philosopher contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic |
| Domesday book | 1087 William the Conqueror order the compilation of this book a survey listing all the landholders in England along with their holdings One of the main purposes of the survey was to determine who held what and what taxes had been liable under Edward the Confessor the judgement of the Domesday assessors was final - whatever the book said about who held the material wealth or what it was worth, was the law, and there was no appeal |
| Frederick II | one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages head of the house of Hohenstaufen political and cultural ambitions, based in Sicily and stretching through Italy to Germany and event o Jerusalem, were enormous avid patron of science and the arts played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry Sicilian royal court in Palermo |
| Otto I - "Otto the Great" | first holy roman emperor unified all German tribes into a single kingdom, greatly expanding the powers of the king at the expense of the aristocracy conquered the Kingdom of Italy and extended his kingdom's borders to the north, east, and south in control of much of central and southern Europe patronage of Otto and his immediate successors caused a limited cultural renaissance of the arts and architecture (Ottonian Renaissance) |
| Carolingian Renaissance | the cultural flowering in the empire of Charlemagne and the kingdoms of the Carolingian dynasty in the eighth and ninth centuries interest in secular disciplines grew considerably encouraged the formation of a common European identity revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church expressed itself in the the organization of new schools, gathering of a number of educated persons at the royal court, new interest in classical literature and secular disciplines in general, the development of the fine arts and architecture |
| Charlemagne | conquered Italy, crowned emperator in 800 while in Rome associated with the Carolingian Renaissance expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of western and central Europe united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Romans |
| Ottonian Renaissance | limited renaissance of economy and art in central and southern Europe accompanied the reigns of the first three emperors of the Saxon Dynasty recognized especially in the arts and architecture renewed contact with Constantinople, in some revived cathedral schools |
| Hroswitha of Gandersheim | Germany's first woman literary writer woman philosopher, nun, playwright primarily known for her composition of six plays, ostensibly imitations in the style of the Roman playwright could leave the convent for outside visits, thus giving Hroswitha the chance to view the world beyond the abbey, and the knowledge to create her long epic poem detailing the rule of Otto I |
| Significance of Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture in the west | stylistic drift, technological advancement, and political and territorial changes meant that a distinct style gradually buildings increased in geometric complexity, brick and plaster were used in addition to stone rich use of ornamental domes, colorful mosaics, and lavish decorations Constantinople was the source of inspiration and guidance for the Orthodox Christians of the Byzantine |
| Donation of Constantine | forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine I supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the pope Document was often cited in support of the Roman Church's claims to spiritual and temporal authority |
| Holy Roman emperor | term used by historians to denote a medieval ruler who had also received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the pope |
| Wool Trade (gets us to the 100 years war) | wool trade developed into serious business, the generator of capital 13th century - the wool trade was the economic engine of the low countries and central Italy shift in the balance between large-scale and small-scale production entailed important changes in the organization of the wool trade too boom period of the 13th century and the early 14th century was an age of wholesale contracts between big producers and exporters an age of free trade, low taxation, and of predominance of foreign merchants in English trade led to 100 years war |
| Martin Luther | German monk, priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money (indulgences) Luther's "Ninety-Five Theses" centers on practices within the Catholic Church regarding baptism and absolution; significantly, the theses rejected the validity of indulgences taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ |
| Joan of Arc | national heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII burned at the stake as a heretic when she was 19 25 years after the execution, an Inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, pronounced her innocent and declared her a martyr Joan said that she had visions from God that instructed her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Year's War patron of France |
| Liber Augustalis | new legal code for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated in 1231 by Emperor Frederick II Constitutions were written in Latin and translated into Greek before their promulgation meant to apply, as with previous Sicilian law, to all the peoples of the realm - Lombards, Greeks, Arabs, Germans, Jews the 253 clauses are divided into three books: public law, judicial procedure, and lastly feudal, private, and penal law emphasized the sacral role of God-given right to rule of the monarch |
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