Botany Final
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Created by:
STABlake on May 2, 2012
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Ch 1 & 3, 5, 6 Labeling (pictures are not on these flashcards): golgi apparatus, mitochondria, smooth ER, rough ER, chloroplast, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, teloplase, fibrous root system, taproot, opposite leaf arrangement, alternate leaf arrangement, whorled leaf arrangement, monocot stem c (see more)
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106 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| prophase | The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappears, but the nucleus remains intact. |
| interphase | cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
| ribosome | where does protein synthesis take place in |
| Theophrastus | who was the father of botany |
| van Helmont | Conducted an experiment to find out if plants grew by taking material out of the soil; concluded that most of the mass was gained from the water; plants do NOT have the same nutritional modes as animals |
| Doctrine of Signatures | An ancient European philosophy that suggested, that plants bearing parts that resembled human body parts, animals, or other objects, had useful relevancy to those parts, animals or objects. It could also refer to the environments or specific sites in which plants grew |
| taxonomists | biologists who systematically identify and classify species, then assign each kind a two-part name |
| morphology | 1. scientific study of the forms and structures of plants and animals 2. form and structure of an organism or any of its parts |
| Assyrians | ancient people who were aware of the sexuality of date palms and pollinating female trees by hand |
| China | who brought primroses, poppies and mums to the Western world more than 2000 years ago |
| Linnaeus | scientist who came up with method of naming and classifying organisms with a 2 part scientific name called binomial nomenclature |
| dates | what crop was important to the Assyrians and Egyptians by 4000 BC |
| Aristotle | who founded the first botanical garden |
| Grew | who was the early English botanist who described the structure of wood |
| interphase | in which phase of the cell cycle does replication of the DNA take place |
| cell sap | An aqueous solution found in the vacuoles of plant cells. |
| cytoplasm | a jellylike, souplike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| cell wall | thick, outer boundary of the plant cell; provide support |
| grana | A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast; function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| water soluble pigments, salts & sugars | What substances are found in the plant cell vaculoles |
| anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase | correct order of events in mitosis |
| interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis | correct order of the cell cycle |
| nucleus | mitosis is the division of the |
| dictyosome | organelle that functions to "refine and package" cellular proteins for protein-GOLGI-flattened stacks of discs or vesicles-final modification of proteins and lipids |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis and contains thylakoid membranes (grana)- light reactions and stroma- dark reactions |
| mitochondria | organelle that releases energy by the process of respiration for the cell |
| meristems | regions of unspecialized cells in which mitosis produces new cells that are ready for differentiation; in such plants as ferns, conifers and flowers |
| ribosome | organelle that links amino acids together to make proteins |
| Egyptians | who was brewing beer by 500 BC |
| Anthocyanins | what are water-soluble pigments found in cell sap |
| mitosis | what refers to the division of the nuclei |
| radicle | when a seed germinates, the part of the embryo that develops into the first root is called what |
| Legume | beans and peas are part of what family; they have nodules with nitrogen fixing bacteria |
| root cap | outer cells of what part of the root secretes mucus so it can easily move through the soil; has a protective covering of the growing tip of the root |
| root hairs | what part of the root increases the absorbing surface |
| monocots | what type of plants have 1 seed leaf |
| aerial root | what type of is a pneumatophore |
| mycorrhizae | what type of root develops few root hairs because it gets its water and nutrients from the host |
| buttress | _?_ roots are actually part of the trunk and are not roots at all |
| fibrous roots | grasses are an example of this type of root system |
| absorption of minerals in solution | in addition to anchoring a plant, roots usually function directly in what? |
| region of maturation | what region of the root have root hairs |
| living phloem | the primary function of this root tissue is to conduct soluble foods |
| xylem & phloem | what 2 tissues inside the root is found inside the procambium |
| cortex | the primary function of this root and stem "tissue" is to store food |
| taproot | what type of root is adapted for food storage |
| adventitious roots | what types of roots will develop from the base of the stem |
| root cap & apical meristem | what 2 parts of the root pushes through the soil |
| grass | what type of root does not have good absorption during drought: carrot, grass, dandelion |
| contractile | a dandelion is an example of which type of specialized root because it pulls itself down until it can reach a stable temperature |
| conduction / transport | the primary function of the xylem and phloem in a root |
| capillary | plants are mainly dependent for their water needs from which form of water found in the soil |
| A, E, B & C | what is the correct order for the vertical column of soil's horizons |
| golgi apparatus | what organelle in the root cap secretes a slimy substance that helps push the root through the soil |
| pericycle | name of the tissue adjacent to the endodermis toward the center of the root |
| pea | which of the following is NOT an example of a food-storage root: pea, turnip, carrot, radish |
| texture | soil _?_ refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay in a give soil sample |
| mycorrhizae | types of roots that have fungi symbiotically associated with them |
| pneumatophores | mangroves is an example of this type of specialized root that permit plants to grow in water to facilitate gas exchange |
| haustoria | _?_ is a root-like projection of the parasitic roots that penetrates the out tissue and connects with the water conducting and food conducting tissues of the host |
| aerial roots | what type of roots of trees grow in swamps because roots cells are provided with oxygen and function to anchor the plant |
| root cap | what part of the root has the perception of gravity which causes it to grow toward the center of the earth |
| xylem | what part of the plant tissue carries water from the roots throughout the plant |
| manroots | what type of specialized roots is a manroot |
| pericycle | what root tissue gives rise to branch / lateral roots |
| procambium | central cylinder of a root inside the endodermis; it is also called the stele |
| gravitropism / geotropism | term for the growth response to gravity |
| roots | part of the plant sarsaparilla, licorice and sassafras come from |
| pith | what part of the stem is found in both dicot and monocot plants (center) |
| rhizomes | what type of stems grow horizontally and under ground |
| alternate | type of leaf arrangement that is spiral around the stem |
| cladophyll | a type of specialized stem where the node has scalelike leaves |
| corms and bulbs | 2 types of specialized stems that function in storing food |
| tendrils | specialized stem that aid plants in climbing, such as ivy |
| renewable | paper is what type of resource: renewable or non-renewable |
| paper | what can NOT be recycled indefinitely because this material goes through a manufacturing process |
| heartwood | type of wood that forms the central core of the tree and is made up of dense dead wood that provides strength for the tree; older and nonfunctioning xylem |
| parenchyma | type of tissue in the center of the stem and is called the pith |
| stem | the common functions of the _?_ are support leaves, support the flowers & fruits, and transport water, minerals & food between other organs |
| lateral buds | branches of stems arise from what part of the stem |
| runners / stolons | what type of specialized stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the ground |
| tuber | type of specialized stem that is part of the white potato that is eaten |
| bulbs | type of specialized stem that include tulips, daffodils and onions |
| annual ring | an _?_ consists of one year's growth of xylem |
| vascular cambium | in a mature, wood dicot stem, the living tissue sandwiched between the xylem and phloem is called the _?_ |
| whorled | when 3 or more leaves occur at a single node, the leaf arrangement on the stem is called |
| stele | xylem, phloem & pith make up what part of the stem |
| increment borer | an instrument used to determine the age of a tree |
| sapwood | the lighter colored wood of the stem that contains still-functioning xylem is called |
| springwood | type of wood that produces the largest vessels of secondary xylem because of the abundance of rain |
| node | eyes of the potato are which part of the stem |
| wood | secondary xylem of woody dicot stems is also called |
| bark | term used to describe all the tissue outside the cambium, including phloem |
| latex | thick fluid that is white, yellow, orange or red and is believed to aid in the closing of wounds of the plant |
| cuticle | thin, fatty protective layer that covers the epidermis of a stem |
| lateral bud / axil | angle between a petiole and the stem |
| phloem | inner bark of a tree that carries sap from the leaves to the rest of the tree |
| Xylem | _?_ is also called sapwood because it brings water and nutrients up from the roots to the leaves |
| dicot | vascular bundles are arranged in a ring around the pith in the stems |
| monocot | vascular bundles are usually around the scattered throughout the ground tissue in the stems |
| dendrochronology | science where past climates are studied by looking at the ring patterns of old trees |
| coring | technique scientists use to study of a tree's growth rings without harming the trees |
| pulp | diluted water suspension of wood fibers / used when making recycled paper |
| Chin | the process of making paper was invented in what country in the 2nd century AD |
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