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Pennsylvania penitentiary theory of 1800 imposed isolation and total silence on its prisoners New York penitentiary theory of 1800 Silence was imposed, but inmates worked and ate together What are the factors that have caused the prison population to grow dramatically in the last several decades? enhancement and stricter enforcement of the nation's drug laws, increased probability of incarceration, more time served for each crime, federal prison growth, and rising incarceration rates for women What are the 4 types of prisons? maximum security, medium security, minimum security, super maximum security Maximum security Designed mainly with security and surveillance. Usually large and consist of cell blocks, which are set of by gates and bars. Medium security offer considerably more educational and treatment programs and allow more contact between inmates. Minimum security prisoners can have tvs and computers and often leave grounds for educational or employment Super Max Prisoners are confined to 1-person cells for 22 1/2 hours per day under constant video surveillance What is the formal prison management system? Militaristic with a hierarchical chain of command; warden, deputy wardens, and custodial employees What are some reasons that private prisons can be run more cheaply than public ones? employees are non unionized and receive lower levels of overtime pay, sick leave, and health care; competitive bidding helps to buy goods and services at lowest price; there is less red tape A jail... receives individuals pending arraignment and holds them while they await trial, sentencing; temporarily holds juveniles pending transfer; holds mentally ill offenders pending transfer; detains those who have violated probation, parole or jumped bail; houses those awaiting transfer to federal prisons How are jails administered? Most jails are operated by county sheriff What are some consequences of our high rates of incarceration? increasing negative social consequences for communities and for families of convicts, such as financial hardships, reduced supervision, and discipline of children, and the general deterioration of the family.