PHIL101 UIUC Final
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Created by:
crimsonredmk on May 2, 2012
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33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Necessary Being Argument | Goes with "Ontological Argument" that we can think of a perfect being, so one exists. |
| Objections to Necessary Being Argument | Immanuel Kant - Ontological Argument only describes an ideal figure, but does not say one must exist. Also, we can go see how watches are made, but not how universes are made. |
| Evidentiary Problem of Evil | Since evil does happen, believing in God is much harder. |
| "defense" | demonstration that the existence of God is logically compatible with the existence of evil. |
| "theodicy" | Attempts to justify why evil exists in the world and why it is compatible with God. |
| Why does Split-Brain Case support the Bundle Theory? | Parfit said that since a 2nd conscious arose from nowhere, there must have been 0 consciousnesses in the 1st place. |
| Numerical Identity | Need to be considered identical, equal, and not a clone. One IS the other. |
| Qualitative Identity | Exactly the same in all ways possible over time, but there can be two identical people. |
| Two Theories arguing personhood over time is physical | Same-body and same-brain theory. |
| Objection to the Same-Brain Theory | Even after our bodies die, our brains are alive for about 10 minutes, although we stop being persons. |
| Two Theories arguing personhood over time is mental | Memory Theory and Memory-Links Theory |
| Objection to the Memory-Links Theory | We have dreams, but sometimes we do not remember dreams. Who has those dreams then? |
| Descartes' three arguments to defend Mind-Body Dualism | Conceivability, Privacy, and Infallibility. |
| Biggest problem for Mind-Body Dualism | The physical body can respond to mental thoughts. A body must be pushed by the mind. So body and mind cannot be separated. |
| What do the Materialist Theories of the Mind Defend? | The mind is only a collection of atoms obeying the laws of nature. |
| The Three chief materialist theories of the mind. | Behaviorism (all mental is result of public stimuli), Mind-Brain Identity (person's mental is identical with neurons firing), and Functionalism (like mind-brain identity, but a brain made out of cells is not needed). |
| An objection to Materialism | There doesn't seem to be a way to say there is "something that it feels like" to have an experience. |
| What are the two chief sources of knowledge according to Descartes? | The senses and reason. |
| Why should we doubt senses? | Because the senses deceive us, like optical illusions. |
| Why should we doubt reason? | Because an evil demon could be altering our thoughts and tricking us to believe things. |
| What is Descartes' response to skepticism? | "I think, therefore, I am", since we are conscious and we know we are conscious, then we have to be alive somewhere, and we must exist. |
| Skepticism and idealism say that we perceive the world... | Through indirect realism, which says we perceive a mental representation of an object, not the object itself. |
| Direct realism | We perceive objects directly. |
| Fatalism | We do not have free will, and nothing we do can change fate. |
| Determinism | All events in life are determined by past events, and we do not have free will. |
| Argument for Determinism | Everything we do is caused by forces beyond our control. If our actions are caused by forces under which we have no control, then we do not act freely. Therefore, we do not have free will. |
| Objections to Determinism | Libertarianism and Compatibilism |
| Libertarianism | Denies that everything we do is beyond our control. We do not have to follow the laws of nature in our minds. |
| Argument for Libertarianism | We can predict acts of nature, like balls falling into a place, but we cannot predict thoughts or actions of a person. |
| Objection to libertarianism | Maybe God or someone outside the universe or system can predict our actions, but we cannot because we are inside the system. |
| Compatibilism | An act can be both free and determined at the same time - some actions are free, some are not free. Acting freely is defined by your desires. |
| Argument for compatibilism | Some actions must be determined, or else there would be chaos in the world. |
| Objection to compatibilism | Our thoughts and desires themselves could be predetermined, so the free choices that we make are somewhat determined by crain chemistry. |
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