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Outline the major components of landscape structure. -The structure consist of size, shape, composition, number of elements and position of patches(landscape elements) within a landscape. Contrast the structures of example landscapes in terms of these components. -landscapes structure such as forest can differ from city to city -These differences include forest cover, number of forest patches, average area of patches and shape of patches. -Ex. Forest cover in Concord is 2.7% while forest cover in Washington is 43.6% Describe the effects of patch size on patterns of movement by small mammals. -More movement occurs within large patches, then in smaller patches. -A smaller proportion of individuals move in more fragmented landscapes and these individuals move farther than individuals in less fragmented areas. Describe the relationship between patch shape and edge effects. -Patch perimeter(P)/ patch area(A) determines the patch shape(S). (S=P/A) -If S is closer to one then it has a circular shape -If S is greater than 1 then it has a elongated patches that are have more edge habit relative to interior habitat. -The more circular the patch the less ecotones it has so there is less edge effect. Describe the defining properties of a metapopulation. -Consist of a group of subpopulations that immigrant and emigrant between patches. -Movement of individuals in a metapopulation is predominantly from smaller subpopulations to larger subpopulations Draw a map of metapopulation that demonstrates these properties. See page. 288 and 229 for map. Predict relative extinction and colonization rates of population based on their size. -A smaller population are more vulnerable to local extinction relative to a large population. -Smaller populations which typically reside on smaller patches, are more vulnerable to colonization. Predict relative extiniction and colonization rates base on subpopulation distance from other subpopulations. -Isolated patches are more likely to go extinct because there is less immigration between these subpopulations. -Colonization is more likely to occur between patches that are closer to each other. Describe the effects of corridors on movement of different types of species, and their ecological consequences. -Habitat corridors increase the rate of movement among isolated habitat patches. -Ex. habitat patches connected by corridors sustained higher butterfly densities. -higher pollination rates and higher seed dispersal rate then metapopulations without a corridor. Explain the concept of a landscape. Consist of landscape elements such as the elements that make up a mountain( forest, meadows,bogs and streams). Or elements that make up a city(parks, industrial districts and residential areas.)