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Vowels phonemes that are produced without any appreciable constriction or blockage of air flow in the vocal tract Tongue primary articulator for vowels Tongue height refers to how high (or low) in the oral cavity the tongue is when producing a particular vowel Tongue advancement how far forward (or backward) in the mouth the tongue is when producing a particular word Vowel Quadrilateral a two-dimensional figure used to represent tongue advancement and height Rounded a rounded lip position during vowel production Unrounded an unrounded lip position during vowel production Monophthongs have one primary articulatory position in the vocal tract Diphthongs have two distinct articulatory positions Onglide the first element of a diphthong Offglide the second element of a diphthong Point Vowels vowels at the corner of the vowel quadrilateral spectrogram a graphic representation of the three major parameters that describe the acoustic characteristic of any sound, including speech sounds Frequency the number of cycles a vibrating body completes in one second Intensity the amplitude of energy associated with a particular sound Decibels measurement unit of intensity Rhotic Diphthongs speech sound consisting of a vowel and an /r/ sound Consonant a phoneme produced with a constriction in the vocal tract, shorter in duration than its opposition Resonant Consonants a class of sounds produced with resonance through the entire vocal tract, nasals, glides, liquids; produced with little constriction Obstruent Consonants a class of sounds including the stops, fricatives, and affricates; produced with constriction in the oral cavity Prevocalic consonants that occur before a vowel in any syllable Postvocalic consonants that occur after a vowel in any syllable Intervocalic consonants that are located between two vowels Manner of production the way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract Place of Articulation the place in the vocal tract where the constriction is located during the production of a particular consonant Voicing indicated whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating during the production of a particular consonant Cognates phonemes that differ only in voicing stop consonants that are produced by completely obstructing the airstream once it enters the oral cavity intraoral pressure air pressure within the oral cavity Aspiration frictional noise that occurs in some stops Nasal plosion the release of air through the nasal cavity Homorganic consonants that share the same place of articulation Sibilants most intense of all fricatives; /s, z, sh, 3/ Non-Sibilants least intense fricatives; /th, th, f, v, h/ Fricatives produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel in the vocal tract Affricates manner of production involves a combination of the stop and fricative manners Approximants includes the glides and liquids Liquid the oral resonant consonants; /r/ and /l/ Glides involve a gliding motion of the articulators in a manner similar to the production of a diphthong retroflexed articulation of the /r/ that involves raising the tip of the tongue and curling back toward the alveolar ridge bunched articulation of the /r/ that involves lowering the tip of the tongue and raising the blade of the tongue Lateral Consonant /l/, air flows over both sides of the tongue Light /l/ raise tip of tongue near alveolar ridge, back of tongue is low dark /l/ tongue tip may be raised or lowered; back of tongue raised toward palate/velum Citation Form when a word is pronounced carefully as a single item Connected Speech joining two or more words together in the creation of an utterance, more real-life speech Coarticulation the overlapping of the articulators during the production of speech Assimilation the process whereby phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds Regressive Assimilation occurs when the identity of a phoneme is modified by a phoneme following it (right to left) Progressive Assimilation occurs when the identity of a phoneme is modified by a phoneme preceding it (left to right) Elision omission of a phoneme during speech production Epenthesis the addition of a phoneme to the production of a word Metathesis the transposition of sounds in a word Vowel Reduction the full form of a vowel reduced to a mid-central vowel (most commonly the schwa) Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech stress, timing, and intonation Content Words words that contain salient information in a sentence Function Words the less important words in a sentence; prepositions, articles, pronouns, conjunctions, etc. Intonation the modification of voice pitch Intonational Phrase made up of all changes in fundamental frequency spanning the length of a meaningful utterance Tonic Syllable the syllable that receives the greatest pitch change in any particular intonational phrase Tonic Accent the emphasis given to the tonic syllable Falling intonation phrases complete statements, commands, indicative of the finality of an utterance Rising Intonational Phrases typical of questions and incomplete thoughts, indicative of uncertainty Rise-Fall Intonational Phrases stressed syllable on final syllable, wh- questions, utterance expressing surprise Tempo the durational aspect of connected speech Juncture term used to indicate the way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech External Juncture term given to a pause that connects two intonational phrases Open Internal Juncture a pause between syllables (maked with +) Close Internal Juncture no pause between syllables, no symbols