Phonetics: Chapter 4-6
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Vowels | phonemes that are produced without any appreciable constriction or blockage of air flow in the vocal tract |
| Tongue | primary articulator for vowels |
| Tongue height | refers to how high (or low) in the oral cavity the tongue is when producing a particular vowel |
| Tongue advancement | how far forward (or backward) in the mouth the tongue is when producing a particular word |
| Vowel Quadrilateral | a two-dimensional figure used to represent tongue advancement and height |
| Rounded | a rounded lip position during vowel production |
| Unrounded | an unrounded lip position during vowel production |
| Monophthongs | have one primary articulatory position in the vocal tract |
| Diphthongs | have two distinct articulatory positions |
| Onglide | the first element of a diphthong |
| Offglide | the second element of a diphthong |
| Point Vowels | vowels at the corner of the vowel quadrilateral |
| spectrogram | a graphic representation of the three major parameters that describe the acoustic characteristic of any sound, including speech sounds |
| Frequency | the number of cycles a vibrating body completes in one second |
| Intensity | the amplitude of energy associated with a particular sound |
| Decibels | measurement unit of intensity |
| Rhotic Diphthongs | speech sound consisting of a vowel and an /r/ sound |
| Consonant | a phoneme produced with a constriction in the vocal tract, shorter in duration than its opposition |
| Resonant Consonants | a class of sounds produced with resonance through the entire vocal tract, nasals, glides, liquids; produced with little constriction |
| Obstruent Consonants | a class of sounds including the stops, fricatives, and affricates; produced with constriction in the oral cavity |
| Prevocalic | consonants that occur before a vowel in any syllable |
| Postvocalic | consonants that occur after a vowel in any syllable |
| Intervocalic | consonants that are located between two vowels |
| Manner of production | the way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract |
| Place of Articulation | the place in the vocal tract where the constriction is located during the production of a particular consonant |
| Voicing | indicated whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating during the production of a particular consonant |
| Cognates | phonemes that differ only in voicing |
| stop | consonants that are produced by completely obstructing the airstream once it enters the oral cavity |
| intraoral pressure | air pressure within the oral cavity |
| Aspiration | frictional noise that occurs in some stops |
| Nasal plosion | the release of air through the nasal cavity |
| Homorganic | consonants that share the same place of articulation |
| Sibilants | most intense of all fricatives; /s, z, sh, 3/ |
| Non-Sibilants | least intense fricatives; /th, th, f, v, h/ |
| Fricatives | produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel in the vocal tract |
| Affricates | manner of production involves a combination of the stop and fricative manners |
| Approximants | includes the glides and liquids |
| Liquid | the oral resonant consonants; /r/ and /l/ |
| Glides | involve a gliding motion of the articulators in a manner similar to the production of a diphthong |
| retroflexed | articulation of the /r/ that involves raising the tip of the tongue and curling back toward the alveolar ridge |
| bunched | articulation of the /r/ that involves lowering the tip of the tongue and raising the blade of the tongue |
| Lateral Consonant | /l/, air flows over both sides of the tongue |
| Light /l/ | raise tip of tongue near alveolar ridge, back of tongue is low |
| dark /l/ | tongue tip may be raised or lowered; back of tongue raised toward palate/velum |
| Citation Form | when a word is pronounced carefully as a single item |
| Connected Speech | joining two or more words together in the creation of an utterance, more real-life speech |
| Coarticulation | the overlapping of the articulators during the production of speech |
| Assimilation | the process whereby phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds |
| Regressive Assimilation | occurs when the identity of a phoneme is modified by a phoneme following it (right to left) |
| Progressive Assimilation | occurs when the identity of a phoneme is modified by a phoneme preceding it (left to right) |
| Elision | omission of a phoneme during speech production |
| Epenthesis | the addition of a phoneme to the production of a word |
| Metathesis | the transposition of sounds in a word |
| Vowel Reduction | the full form of a vowel reduced to a mid-central vowel (most commonly the schwa) |
| Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech | stress, timing, and intonation |
| Content Words | words that contain salient information in a sentence |
| Function Words | the less important words in a sentence; prepositions, articles, pronouns, conjunctions, etc. |
| Intonation | the modification of voice pitch |
| Intonational Phrase | made up of all changes in fundamental frequency spanning the length of a meaningful utterance |
| Tonic Syllable | the syllable that receives the greatest pitch change in any particular intonational phrase |
| Tonic Accent | the emphasis given to the tonic syllable |
| Falling intonation phrases | complete statements, commands, indicative of the finality of an utterance |
| Rising Intonational Phrases | typical of questions and incomplete thoughts, indicative of uncertainty |
| Rise-Fall Intonational Phrases | stressed syllable on final syllable, wh- questions, utterance expressing surprise |
| Tempo | the durational aspect of connected speech |
| Juncture | term used to indicate the way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech |
| External Juncture | term given to a pause that connects two intonational phrases |
| Open Internal Juncture | a pause between syllables (maked with +) |
| Close Internal Juncture | no pause between syllables, no symbols |
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