Biology EOC Vocabulary
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mmmathew27 on May 2, 2012
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Megan's and Janelle's Biology EOC review. yay this took me forever.
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279 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cytoskeleton | cellular structure with analogous function to the human skeleton; maintains cell shape |
| Enzyme | protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction and is involved in nearly all metabolic processes |
| Virus | disease-causing, non-living particle composed of an inner core of nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid and can reproduce only when they are inside a host cell |
| RNA | carry the code from DNA to the ribosomes |
| Lysosome | organelle within the cell functioning like a miniature stomach |
| Mitochondria | "power-house" of the cell |
| anaphase I | stage of meiosis beginning with homologous chromosomes, each with its two chromatids, separating and moving to opposite ends of the cell |
| crossing over | non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes break and exchange genetic material |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis |
| meiosis | type of cell division where one body cell produces four gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | 23rd pair of chromosomes |
| codominance | type of inheritance where offspring that show both tan and brown fur (purebred father with brown fur and a purebred mother with tan fur) |
| law of segregation | when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of two possible alleles |
| uracil | base that pairs with adenine in RNA |
| TT , Tt | genotype for a homozygous tall pea plant; genotype for a heterozygous tall pea plant, using the letter "T" |
| Transcription | results in an RNA copy of a DNA strand |
| 25% | chance of a child inheriting a recessive disorder caused by a gene, if both parents carry a single recessive gene |
| Hypothesis | explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested |
| genetic drift | alteration of allelic frequencies by change events that greatly effects small populations |
| convergent evolution | dolphins and fish are unrelated vertebrates with similar body shapes that are adapted for moving efficiently through water; what is the evolutionary process shown by this example? |
| cellular respiration | process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and release energy |
| vaccine | weakened, dead, or incomplete portions of pathogens or antigens used to prevent disease outbreak |
| 3:1 | phenotype ratio of offspring from two heterozygous parents that have a single dominant trait |
| Transgenic | plants or animals that contain functional recombinant DNA from an organism of a different genus |
| Inference | drawing a conclusion based on circumstantial evidence rather than as a result of observation |
| Biology | organized study of living things and their interactions with their natural and physical environments |
| Adaptation | any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring |
| Species | group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature |
| Cell | basic unit of organization of living things |
| Symbiosis | any close and permanent association among organisms of different species |
| food chain | simple model used to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem |
| autotroph | organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to manufacture their own nutrients |
| omnivore | organism that consumes both plant and animal products |
| biodiversity | variety of life |
| extinction | when the last member of a species dies |
| commensalism | interrelationship where one species benefits, while another species is neither helped nor hurt |
| abiotic | non-living factors: latitude, temperature, precipitation, sunlight |
| biotic | living factors: organisms, predators, diseases |
| diffusion | net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| cell theory | states cells are a basic unit of organization, all organisms are made up of one or more cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells |
| eukaryotes | cells that have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane |
| selective permeability | plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell |
| prokaryote | cells without a nucleus or other organelles, but with nucleic acids |
| active transport | moves materials against the concentration gradient and requires energy to overcome flow of materials opposite the concentration gradient |
| centrioles | small, dark cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and located just outside the nucleus, and play an active role in cell division |
| ATP | molecule that stores energy for easy use, formed when a phosphate group is added to ADP |
| Photosynthesis | process by which cells use light energy to make simple sugars |
| Aerobic | processes that require oxygen |
| Anaerobic | processes that do not require oxygen |
| protein synthesis | process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of rRNA, tRNA, mRNA and enzymes |
| mitosis | cellular division resulting in two daughter cells, exactly identical to parent cells, with a complete set of chromosomes |
| gametes | male and female sex cells, formed during meiosis |
| heredity | the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring |
| diploid | cell containing two of each kind of chromosome, 2n number of chromosomes |
| nucleic acid | organic molecule composed of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base) |
| genetic engineering | insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders |
| spontaneous generation | idea that nonliving material can produce life |
| natural selection | mechanism for change in a population (can be directional, stabilizing, disruptive), "survival of the fittest" |
| binomial nomenclature | modern classification system designed by Linnaeus using two word naming for organisms |
| Louis Pasteur | disproved the idea of spontaneous generation by conducting experiments with curve-necked flasks |
| Chloroplasts | organelle used in plant cells to carry out the process of photosynthesis |
| Fossil | physical evidence of an organism that lived long ago that scientists use to study the past |
| Eubacteria / Archaebacteria | kingdoms that include prokaryotes |
| Protista | kingdom that includes eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments (unicellular) |
| Fungi | kingdom that includes heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients |
| Plantae | kingdom that includes multicellular autotrophs (with cell walls) with complex organ systems |
| Animalia | kingdom that includes multicellular heterotrophs (without cell walls) |
| relative dating | dating method that relies on the position of rock layers |
| binary fission | method bacteria use to reproduce asexually |
| chitin | complex carbohydrate found in the cell wall of most fungi |
| carbohydrate | organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| flagella | long filament used to propel autotrophic algae through the water |
| chlorophyll | major pigment of photosynthetic autotrophs (green algae and plants) |
| nonvascular plant | plants in which the transport of water and other substances is mainly by osmosis and diffusion from cell to cell |
| vascular tissue | a group of tubelike, elongated cells through which water and other materials are transported throughout the plant (xylem and phloem) |
| dichotomous key | a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters |
| alternation of generations | life cycle found in algae, fungi, and all plants where an organism alternates between a haploid gametophyte generation and a diploid sporophyte generation |
| gastrulation | inward movement of cells to form two cell layers, the endoderm and ectoderm |
| open circulatory system | system where blood moves through vessels into open spaces around the body organs |
| radial symmetry | type of symmetry exhibited by a sand dollar |
| dorsal hollow nerve cord | nerve cord found in all chordates that form the spinal cord and brain |
| Mollusca | phylum that contains organisms with a mantle, bilateral symmetry, a digestive tract with two openings, and a muscular foot (some organisms will contain a hard shell - univalve or bivalve) |
| Sessile | term used to describe non-motile asymmetrical organisms |
| swim bladder | thin-walled, internal sac found just below the backbone in bony fishes (used to control water depth) |
| amphibians | organisms with three-chambered hearts, eggs without shells laid in water, smooth moist skin, live larval stage in water and adult stage on land and water |
| birds (aves) | organisms with adaptations for flight, feathers, a keel-shaped sternum four-chambered heart, endothermic, reinforced hollow bones, a beak and air sacs |
| reptiles | organisms that are ectotherms that have dry, scaly skin, internal fertilization, and amniotic eggs |
| amniotic egg | provides nourishment to the embryo and contains membranes that protect it while it develops in a terrestrial environment |
| uterus | hollow, muscular organ in which offspring of placental mammals develop |
| imprinting | learned behavior in which an animal, at a specific critical time of its life, forms a social attachment to another object |
| digestive system | system that functions to digest food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminate undigested food and other wastes |
| negative feedback | internal mechanism in which a substance is fed back to inhibit the original signal and reduce production of a substance (example: hormones in the endocrine system) |
| homeostasis | regulation of internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival |
| cell specialization | each cell does a specific function for a larger organ or tissue |
| DNA replication | process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis takes place |
| Testosterone | hormone in males that stimulates production of sperm, secondary sex characteristics, production of FSH and LH |
| acquired immunity | defending against a specific pathogen by gradually building up a resistance to it |
| biomes | group of ecosystems with the same climax communities; terrestrial or aquatic |
| carrying capacity | number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely |
| chromosomes | cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells |
| cirdadian rhythm | innate behavior based on the 24 hour cycle of the day; light-regulated; determines sleep and awake |
| codon | set of three nitrogenous bases that represent an amino acid |
| compound light microscope | instrument that uses light and a series of lenses to magnify objects |
| vertebrate | animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone |
| tundra | biome surrounding the north and south poles; treeless with long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight; permafrost |
| succession | orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in communities of an ecosystem over time |
| decomposers | organisms such as fungi and bacteria that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms |
| exponential growth | growth pattern where a population grows faster as it increases in size; graph of growing population resembles a J-shaped curve |
| geographic isolation | occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a population, resulting in individuals no longer able to mate; causes new species |
| sexual reproduction | pattern of reproduction that involves the production and fusion of haploid sex cells |
| protein | large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen that provides structure for tissues and organs and carries out cell metabolism |
| population | group of organisms all the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time |
| karyotype | chart of metaphase chromosome pairs arranged according to length and location of the centromere; used to determine numbers |
| limiting factor | any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms |
| asexual reproduction | type of reproduction where one parent produces one or more identical offspring without the fusion of gametes |
| polygenic inheritance | inheritance pattern of a trait controlled by two or more genes; genes may be on the same or different chromosomes |
| sex-linked traits | traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes |
| pedigree | graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticist to map genetic traits between several generations |
| gymnosperms | a plant, such as a cycad or conifer, whose seeds are not enclosed within an ovary, but arranged in cones |
| respiration | using lungs, gills, skin to provide exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| coevolution | the evolution of two or more interdependent species, each adapting to changes in the other |
| immune response | a protective response of the body's immune system that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen - a virus or bacteria), and produces antibodies specific against that antigen |
| field ecology | process of observations and study of plants and animals in their natural setting |
| community | collection of several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment |
| trophic level | organism that represents a feeding step in the movement of energy and materials through an ecosystem |
| sustainability | capable of being continued with minimal long-term effects on the environment |
| stewardship | responsibility for environmental quality shared by all those whose actions affect the environment |
| independent variable | in an experiment, the condition that is tested because it affects the outcome of the experiment |
| ribosomes | non-membrane-bound organelles in the nucleus and in the cell where proteins are assembled |
| fermentation | the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast |
| independent assortment | formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of gene on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage at random of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair |
| pathogen | disease-producing agent such as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses, and other parasites |
| parasites | an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host |
| antibiotic resistance | disease-causing microbes that have become resistant to drug therapy |
| antibiotics | substances produced by a microorganism that, in small amounts, will kill or inhibit growth and reproduction of other microorganisms |
| migration | instinctive seasonal movements of animals from place to place |
| mimicry | structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species; may provide protection from predators |
| producer | photosynthetic green plant or chemosynthetic bacterium, constituting the first trophic level in a food chain; autotroph |
| food web | model that shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community |
| water cycle | cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of the earth's water as it evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water; hydrologic cycle |
| gene regulation | cellular control of amount and timing of changes to the appearance of the product of a gene; control of gene expression |
| test cross | mating of an individual of unknown genotypes with an individual of known genotype; can help determine the unknown genotype of the parent |
| annelids | any segmented worm of the phylum Annelida, including earthworms, leeches, and various marine forms |
| nutrition | process by which living organisms obtain appropriate foods and use it for growth, metabolism, and repair |
| carbon cycle | combined processes, including photosynthesis, decomposition, and respiration, by which carbon as a component of various compounds cycles between its major reservoirs - the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms |
| J-curve | curve of exponential population growth over a short period of time |
| phospholipids bilayer | a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane; the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward |
| substrate | the substance acted upon by an enzyme |
| guanine | a purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine |
| nitrogenous base | carbon ring structure found in DNA and RNA that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen; includes adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
| law of dominance | Mendel's third law; states that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive, unless both factors are recessive |
| gene mutation | mutation due to reorganization of a gene (point mutation) |
| genotype | combination of genes in an organism |
| phenotype | outward appearance of an organism, regardless of its genes |
| monohybrid cross | genetic cross made to examine the distribution of one specific set of alleles in the resulting offspring |
| microevolution | minor evolutionary change observed over a short period of time; gradual accumulation leading to new varieties of species |
| heterotrophic | organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients |
| growth | increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism; a characteristic of all living things |
| lymphatic system | system by which lymph is returned from the cells to the blood and by which white blood cells are produced in response to inflammation or presence of antigens |
| antibodies | proteins in the blood plasma produced in reaction to antigens that react with and disable antigens |
| hibernation | state of reduced metabolism occurring in animals that sleep during parts of cold winter months; an animal's temperature drops, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rate declines |
| phototropism | growth or movement of a sessile organism toward or away from a source of light |
| ecological pyramid | graphical representation designed to show the biomass or productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem |
| gametophyte | haploid form of an organism in alternation of generations that produces gametes |
| transpiration | in plants, the loss of water through stomata |
| fertility rates | ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year (birthrate) |
| demography | study of population characteristics such as growth rate, age structure, and geographic distribution |
| El Nino phenomenon | warming of the surface water of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, occurring every 4 t0 12 years and causing unusual global weather patterns; sometimes called southern oscillation |
| Pollution | introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment |
| Conservation | methods and plans to protect biodiversity |
| renewable resources | natural resources that are replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable to its rate of consumption by humans |
| experiment | procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions |
| protozoans | unicellular, heterotrophic, animal-like protist |
| inflammation | secondary immune response characteristic of swelling, heat, redness, and pain; includes an influx of white blood cells |
| xylem | vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant |
| phloem | vascular plant tissue made up of tubular cells joined end to end; transports sugars to all parts of the plant |
| angiosperm | plants having their seeds enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant |
| pseudopodia | in protozoans, cytoplasm-containing extensions of the plasma membrane; aid in locomotion and feeding |
| pollination | from male reproductive organs to female reproductive organs of plants, usually within the same species |
| lytic cycle | viral replication cycle in which a virus takes over a host cell's genetic material and uses the host cell's structures and energy to replicate until the host cell crusts, killing it |
| protocells | large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some life activities, such as growth and division |
| chemosynthesis | autotrophic process where organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen |
| mitochondria | eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transform energy stored in food molecules |
| multicellular | organisms that are composed of two or more cells (eukaryotic) |
| clone | genetically identical copy of an organism or gene |
| cell wall | fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists; provides support and protection |
| vacuole | membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of cells used for the temporary storage of materials |
| Charles Darwin | scientist who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection |
| Linnaeus | botanist and found of the modern classification system for plants and animals and binomial nomenclature |
| organism | an individual living thing |
| unicellular | having or consisting of a single cell |
| organ | a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| Ecosystem | the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment |
| Biosphere | part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere |
| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6-H12-O6 + 6O2 |
| Gene | a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| Evolution | the gradual change in a species over time, the sequence of events involved in the gradual development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms |
| Taxonomy | the scientific study of how living things are classified, the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms |
| Genus | a group of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature |
| Family | a taxonomic group containing one or more genera(genus), the taxonomic category above genus |
| Order | a taxonomic group containing one or more families |
| Class | a taxonomic group containing one or more orders |
| Phylum | the major taxonomic group of animals and plants, , the taxonomic group below kingdom and above class |
| Kingdom | a large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla |
| Domain | most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom.(There are three) |
| (Scientific) Theory | concept supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data |
| Law/Principle | theory that is generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists |
| Hydrophobic | type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar |
| Hydrophilic | type of molecule that interacts with water because it is polar |
| Glucose | 6-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration |
| DNA | nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers; genetic material of nearly all organisms |
| Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil | name all 5 nucleotide bases(DNA and RNA bases and the one they share) |
| Plasma Membrane | membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins; function to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell |
| Cytoplasm | a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| Rough ER | endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes and synthesizes proteins |
| Nucleus | control center of the cell |
| Central Vacuole | a large, fluid-filled organelle/sac that stores not only water but also enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials in plant cells |
| Isotonic Solution | a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell |
| Hypotonic Solution | a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell. Cell swells and bursts in this type of solution |
| Hypertonic Solution | a solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell. Cell shrinks and shrivels in this type of solution |
| Entropy | a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Haploid | cell containing one of each kind of chromosome, 1n number of chromosomes |
| Fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
| Zygote | diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg |
| Gregor Mendel | father of genetics. Experimented with pea plants and discovered law of dominance, ind. assortment, and segregation |
| Allele | an alternative form of a gene |
| Transcription | the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA. DNA-->mRNA |
| Translation | the process whereby genetic information coded in mRNA directs the formation of a specific protein. mRNA-->Protein |
| Central Dogma | DNA-->mRNA-->Protein |
| Mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship |
| Commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
| Parasitism | symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed |
| Shoot System | The visible portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers. |
| Root System | all of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food |
| Soil | accumulation of inorganic rock material and organic matter that is capable supporting the growth of vegetation |
| Tropism | a growth response of a plant toward or away from a directional stimulus |
| Cardiovascular System | the body system that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and that carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells |
| Arteries | blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Veins | blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart |
| Blood pressure | the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels |
| Hypertension | high blood pressure |
| White blood cells | disease fighting cells in blood, leukocytes, |
| Red blood cells | blood cells containing hemoglobin that carry oxygen through the bloodstream |
| Immunity | the body's capacity for identifying, destroying, and disposing of disease-causing agents |
| Immune System | a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response |
| Phagocytes | white blood cells that digest & destroy microorgasims and other unwanted substances - part of immunity system |
| Histamine | send out signals to a variety of cells to cause bone marrow to increase production of white blood cells |
| Antigens | Foreign material that invades the body and trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response. |
| Humoral immunity | type of specific defense immunity dependent on antibodies |
| Cell-mediated immunity | type of specific defense immunity that is not dependent on antibodies |
| Active Immunity | immunity provided by the body producing its own antibodies against a particular antigen; results from exposure to the antigen via infection or vaccine |
| Passive Immunity | an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies |
| Cerebrum | largest part of the brain that controls the senses and thinking |
| Cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance |
| Medulla Oblongata | part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion |
| Brain Stem | the part of the brain that lies between the cerebellum and spinal cord that controls the body's involuntary actions |
| Frontal Lobe | the lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior, reasoning, planning, emotions, and problem solving |
| Parietal Lobe | portion of the brain posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch |
| Occipital Lobe | portion of the brain posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision |
| Temporal Lobe | portion of the brain that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell |
| Penis | male reproductive organ |
| Vagina | female reproductive organ |
| Scrotum | external sac that contains the testes |
| Testes | the male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. |
| Ovaries | the female gonads that store the ova and produce female sex hormones |
| Fallopian Tubes | tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs |
| Uterus | organ of the female reproductive system in which a fertilized egg can develop |
| Fetus | name given to a human embryo after eight weeks of development until birth |
| Embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month |
| Placenta | organ in placental mammals through which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchanged between embryo and mother |
| Morula | solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization. |
| Neurulation | the development of the nervous system |
| Blastula | The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development. |
| Smooth ER | site of lipid synthesis |
| Pons | a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain |
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