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parasympathomimetics increased salivation, sweating, muscle cramping, abdominal cramping, hypotension (orthostatic), diarrhea, difficulty breathing, blurred vision, muscle weakness anticholinergics tachycardia, tendency to cause urinary retention in men with prostate disorders, drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, dry mucous membranes, urinary hesitancy, decreased sweating, (SOB, cough, dysphagia, syncope, fever, anxiety, RUQ pain, extreme lethargy, dizziness signs of anticholinergic crisis) sympathomimetics SOB, palpitations, dizziness, chest/arm pain or pressure, tachycardia, urinary retention in men with prostate disorder, drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, dry mucous membranes, urinary hesitancy, decreased sweating adrenergic blockers syncope, urinary hestiancy in those with bph, dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, tinnitus, epistaxis, edema, possible nasal congestion TCAs anticholinergic effects. tachycardia, tendency to cause urinary retention in men with prostate disorders, drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, dry mucous membranes, urinary hesitancy, decreased sweating, orthostatic hypotension, sedation, constipation MAOIs orthostatic hypotenstion, headache, insomnia, diarrhea. avoid foods containing tyramine and caffeine SSRis and SNRIs weight gain, sexual dysfunction, excessive doses can cause confusion, anxiety, restlessness, HTN, tremors, sweating, fever atypical antidepressants generally similar to SSRIs and SNRIs. headache, insomnia, nervousness, dry mouth, dizziness, weight loss, sexual dysfunction, chills, confusion, anxiety, restlessness, HTN, termors, sweating, fever, blurred vision, constipation, and muscle incoordination benzodiazepines drowsiness, sedation, amnesia, weakness, disorientation, ataxia, sleep disturbance, BP changes, blurred vision, double vision, nausea, and vomiting. barbiturates depress CNS function, drowsiness, withdrawal syndrome is extremely severe and can be fatal. overdose results in profound respiratory depression, hypotension, and shock. at high doses some can produce anesthesia nonbenzodiazepine, nonbarbiturate CNS depressants daytime sedation, confusion, amnesia, dizziness, depression, nausea, vomiting, headache, drowsiness, sweating, palpitations, shaking, rebound insomnia when discontinued mood stabilizers excessive sweating or dehydration can cause lithium toxicity. dizziness, fatigue, short-term memory loss, increased urination, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dry mouth, muscular weakness, and slight tremors CNS stimulants for ADHD insomnia, nervousness, anorexia, weight loss, irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, liver toxicity. Nonstimulants for ADHD headache, insomnia, upper abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and cough opioids respiratory depression, sedation, nausea, vomiting, dysphoria, hallucinations, constipation, dizziness, itching NSAIDs heartburn. uncommon unless given in high doses. at high doses, can cause GI discomfort and bleeding statins GI disturbances such as indigestion, flatulence, cramping, and constipation. can cause muscle injury resulting in symptoms such as weakness, soreness, and pain. atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are effective regardless the time of day taken. taking other statin drugs in the evening makes them available to work on the higher amount of cholesterol that the body makes at night. bile acid resins GI disturbances. constipation, bloating, nausea, indigestion. self-medication with niacin can cause gout and liver damage from high doses. it will not lower cholesterol at low doses. take 1 hour before or 4 hours after other meds. dissolving it in water and keeping fluid intake high helps to avoid irritation of the mouth and constipation fibric acid agents few serious adverse effects. Rashes and Gi complaints are the most common. increased risk of gallstones Diuretics dehydration is one of most common. electrolyte imbalances most common. hypokalemia (loss of Potassium) or hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium; occurs when taking potassium supplements with potassium-sparing diuretics) Calcium Channel Blockers headache, dizziness, and flushing. reflex tachycardia, rebound hypotension if suddenly stopped. ACE inhibitors PERSISTENT COUGH. hypotension, headache, dizziness cardiac glycoside initial ones are GI related and include loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. Headache, drowsiness, confusion, and blurred vision may occur. excessive slowing of the HR and other cardiac abnormalities can be fatal if not corrected. Sodium Channel Blockers have potential to cause new dysrhythmias or worsen existing ones. hypotension, dizziness, fainting, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention can occur, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and headache. Beta Blockers bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fainting, risk for bronchospasm, diminished sex drive and impotence Potassium Channel Blockers bradycardia, possibly hypotension, can worsen dyrshythmias. most serious is a pneumonia-like syndrome. blurred vision, rashes, photosensitivity, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, dizziness anticoagulants BLEEDING. antiplatelets flulike syndrome, headache, diarrhea, dizziness, bruising, upper respiratory tract infection, and rash or pruritus. GI bleeding can occur. Excessive bleeding is a potential adverse effect thrombolytics like anticoagulants, bleeding is major adverse effect. organic nitrates headache most common, dizziness, reflex tachycardia immunosuppressants infections common. reduction in urine output, tremor, HTN, elevated hepatic enzyme values. penicillins ALLERGY most common. (s/s allergy: rash, fever, and anaphylaxis) diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Anaphylaxis is most serious. Cephalosporins like penicillins, ALLERGY most common. GI complaints common, kidney toxicity in older drugs. tetracylcines GI distress relatively common, photosensitivity, decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives macrolides no serious adverse effects. Mild GI upset, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are most common. aminoglycosides ototoxicity is possible and may become permanent with continued use. Ringing in the ears, dizziness, and persistent headaches are early signs. monitor for nephrotoxicity fluoroquinolones nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea most frequent. most serious are DYSRHYTHMIAS and potential HEPATOTOXICITY. sulfonamides nausea and vomiting most frequent. More serious are formation of crystals in urine, allergic reactions, nausea, and vomiting. not common, but potentially fatal blood abnormalities can occur. antifungal drugs fever and chills at the beginning of therapy, phlebitis is common during IV therapy, nephrotoxicity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea antiretrovirals severe toxicity to blood cells at high doses. anemia and leukopenia are common, headache, generalized weakness, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, lactic acidosis. drugs for helminth and protozoan infections anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, and headache. Dryness of mouth and metallic tast can occur with Flagyl alkylating agents bone marrow suppression is primary dose-limiting adverse effect. red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets begin to decline quickly. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. alopecia is expected antimetabolites fatal bone marrow toxicity at high doses. hemorrhage and bruising due to low platelet counts are often observed. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are common. cytotoxic antibiotics major dose-limiting adverse effect is bone marrow suppression. adverse effects are similar to those of the alkylating agents hormone and hormone antagonists nausea and vomiting, hot flashes, fluid retention, venous blood clots, and abnormal vaginal bleeding relatively common biologic response modifiers flulike syndrome of fever, chills, dizziness, and fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. depression and suicidal ideation have been reported. with prolonged therapy, immunosuppression, serious toxicity such as hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity may be observed H1 receptor blockers (antihistamines) 1st gen cause significant drowsiness. dry mouth, tachycardia, and mild hypotension intranasal corticosteroids most common are intense buring sensation in the nose immediately after spraying and drying of the nasal mucosa. nasal irritation and bleeding occur in a few pts. decongestants most serious, limiting adverse effect is rebound congestion when used for longer than 3-5 days. minor stinging nad dryness in nasal mucosa. HTN and CNS stimulation that may lead to insomnia or anxiety insulins most serious is hypoglycemia: (s/s: tachycardia, confusion, sweating, and drowsiness) oral hypoglycemics rashes and photosensitivity are possible. mild, GI-related effects such as nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite