| Term | Definition |
|---|
| PPP | Presentation Practice Production |
| TTT | Test Teach Test |
| CRA | Clarification, Restricted, Authentic |
| MFPA | Meaning Form Pronunciation Appropriacy |
| Noticing hypothesis | The hypothesis that INPUT does not become INTAKE for language learning unless it is noticed that is consciously registered |
| Absolute Adjective | The BASE form of an ADJECTIVE on a scale of comparison, for example, big, in contrast with the COMPARATIVE bigger and the SUPERLATIVE biggest. |
| Abstract Noun | Abstract nouns include love, optimism, truth, freedom, belief, hope and communism. They refer to non-concrete entities. |
| Active | A value of VOICE for a VERB, the other value being PASSIVE. |
| Additive Adverb | A type of ADVERB which offers a choice between two or more items, e.g. You either leave or stay. |
| Adjective | An open word class which expresses an attribute. The attribute is expressed either by an ATTRIBUTIVE adjective (a red car) or by a PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE (my car is red). |
| Adjective Phrase | A phrase headed by an adjective (e.g. proud, good, happy). The Head may be premodified (very good). Certain Heads may be postmodified (proud of you), or can be pre- and postmodified (very proud of you). |
| Adjunct | This is an optional constituent in a clause or in a phrase. In a clause, it usually describes how, when or where something happened (John ran quickly, David retired when he was sixty, We met him in the cinema). |
| Adverb | An open word class which includes happily, slowly, quietly, now, and very. Adverbs can modify an adjective (e.g. very big), another adverb (e.g. very quietly) or a verb (e.g. John walked slowly). |
| Adverb Phrase | A phrase headed by an adverb (e.g. quietly, carefully). In an adverb phrase, the Head word can be premodified as (e.g. too quietly, quite carefully). It can be postmodified (e.g. carefully enough). An adverb phrase can also consist of a Head which is both premodified and postmodified (e.g. very luckily for us). |
| Agent | The entity which performs the action described by a VERB (John kicked the ball). The agent may be missing in a PASSIVE construction (cf. The ball was kicked). |
| Agentless Passive | In a typical passive construction, the AGENT occurs in the by-phrase: The ball was kicked by John. In an agentless passive, the by-phrase is missing: The ball was kicked. |
| Agreement | This usually refers to Subject-verb agreement, and denotes the fact that a verb ending agrees with the number of the Subject (the dog barks / the dogs bark). Agreement applies only to PRESENT TENSE verbs. It is also known as concord. |
| Alternative Interrogative | A type of interrogative sentence in which two or more alternatives are presented, e.g. Should I telephone or send an email? |
| Anticipatory it | Anticipatory it occupies the Subject position and "anticipates" a Subject that has been postponed. For example, It's true that she has finished with Mike. In this example the Subject is It, which substitutes for the extraposed clause that she has finished with Mike. Cf. the version with extraposition That she has finished with Mike is true. |
| Aspect | Aspect refers to the way an action denoted by a verb should be viewed with respect to time. |
| Asyndetic Coordination | Asyndetic coordination involves two or more CONJOINS which are not linked by a COORDINATING CONJUNCTION. For example: Slowly, carefully, the thief crept towards the diamond. |
| Attributive Adjective | An ADJECTIVE is attributive if it occurs before the noun which it modifies (a delicious taste, an entertaining film) |
| Auxiliary Verb | An auxiliary verb (or HELPING VERB) occurs with a MAIN VERB. Examples: (1) Sue has made a chocolate cake (2) Kate is talking to her boss (3) I do not like beans (4) The cat was chased by the blackbird (5) You must eat your beans |
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