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Apartheid a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites Harkis Term for Algerians who served as auxiliaries in the Algerian war from 1954 to 1962.This term eventually came to apply to all Algerians who assisted the French. After the war 140,000 fled to France so they would not be punished as traitors. Afrikaner national party Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid. Haganah the clandestine military wing of the Jewish leadership during the British rule over the mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948 Palestine Also called Holy Land. Biblical name, Canaan. an ancient country in SW Asia, on the E coast of the Mediterranean. Israel This country was formed in 1947 by the United Nations to give Jews a homeland. Secret army organization Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence., Charles de gaulle French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970) National liberation front Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958. Land freedom army Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau. Kenya African union Leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950's Jomo Kenyatta A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya Convention peoples party Political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast Kwane Nkrumah led a nationalist movement in Britains colony, Ghana Kwane led workers in a strike that put pressure on british rule Pakistan a Muslim republic that occupies the heartland of ancient south Asian civilization in the Indus River valley Muhammad Ali jinnah Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948) Muslim league an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations Quit India movement Mass civil disobedience campaigns in India against British rule in 1942 Sir stafford cripps British man sent to India; created plan for India about independence; Gandhi rejected the plan Atlantic charter 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war Potsdam the place at which the three allied leaders, Truman, Stalin, and Atlee, met to discuss the distribution of Germany and the ultimatum that they would issue to Japan demanding thier immediate surrender Yalta Conference FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War Tehran conference First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war World court of justice Branch of the UN. Rudiments of a general legal framework in which states can pursue grievances against each other. Security council Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces. United nations International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. Hiroshima City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797) Admiral Yamamoto Japans Greatest naval strategists, who called for the attack on Pearl Harbor. He also commanded the fleet that attacked Midway Island. Midway island The last American base in the north Pacific west of Hawaii. Which was attacked by the Japanese known as "The Battle of Midway". Huge turning point in the war due to crushing blow dealt to the Japanese Navy after trying to ambush awaiting US Navy. Due to a American's break of Japanese Navy secret code. Battle of the coral sea A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia. the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers Pearl harbor United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. Battle of the bulge December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. Normandy D Day On June 6, 1944, a date known ever since as D-Day because mighty armada crossed a narrow strip of sea from England to Normandy, France, and cracked the Nazi grip on western Europe. General Dwight D. Eisenhower led the Allied invasion of North African and planned and executed the D-Day invasion at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge Holocaust A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Erwin Rommel "Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler. Battle of Britain (FDR) 1940, German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were Vichy French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans. Blitzkrieg "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939 Tripartite Pact Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940, by which each pledged to declare war on any nation that attacked any of them Winston Churchill A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. National Socialist Party Led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles; took power in Germany in 1933.