Biology Review Set 3
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96 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nucleic acids | polymers of nucleotides |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| DNA | Functions: storing genetic information |
| RNA | Functions: retrieve information |
| Phosphate, Sugar, and Nitrogenous Base | what are nucleotides made of? |
| Purines and Pyrimidines | Two Types of Bases found in Nucleic Acids |
| Purines | Adenine and Guanine |
| Pyrimidines | Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil |
| AT, CG | DNA Bases |
| AU, CG | RNA Bases |
| Bases in Nucleic Acids | Functions: (IN DNA) Order of bases stores genetic information... (IN RNA) order of bases are used to build proteins |
| DNA | Structure: 2 Antiparallel strands of nucleotides |
| RNA | 1 strand of nucleotides |
| 5' to 3' | Order nucleic acids are made in |
| 5' | PO4 |
| 3' | OH |
| DNA | 5C Sugar - Deoxyribose |
| RNA | 5C Sugar - Ribose |
| DNA | Stability: STABLE |
| RNA | Stability:UNSTABLE |
| DNA | Catalytic : NO |
| RNA | Catalytic : Sometimes |
| DNA | Structure: No secondary structure, goes primary to tertiary |
| RNA | Structure: has complicated secondary structure that allows it to be catalytic.. probably evolved first |
| Phosphodiester Bonds | holds the backbone of a nucleic acid together |
| Double Helix | 3' structure of a DNA Molecule |
| Hydrogen Bonds | holds the two strands of DNA molecules together |
| ribose is too big and bulky with the extra oxygen | why can't rna form a double helix |
| rna adopts complicated shapes | because is gives it just the right shape to interact with other molecules and allows catalytic activity |
| ribozyme | RNA with catalytic activity |
| can catalyze reactions, replicate itself, and has older synthases | why do most biologists believe that rna cambe before dna |
| synthase | enzyme that makes something |
| rna synthase | makes rna from rna nucleotides |
| cell theory | 1) all organisms are composed of one or more cells... 2) the cell is the smallest organizational unit.. 3) cells arise only from the division of other cells |
| needed better instruments | why did it take so long for biologists to recognize the importance of cells |
| importance of microscopes | provide a way to see small things and study them |
| how microscopes work | magnify image by bending light through lens |
| resolution | ability to distinguish 2 objects; when objects are closer than 200 nm, light beams in image overlap; must use radiation with shorter wavelength 100-200nm |
| magnification | increases size of image |
| resolution | most important property of a microscope |
| cells are small | A) diffusion moves things within a cell; diffusion is only effective over short distances and B) Cells need to maintain a proper surface area : volume ratio |
| prokaryotic cells | (Before Nucleus); primitive cells (Evolved First); no nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles; chromosome is circular |
| archaebacteria | have no peptidoglycan cell wall, ether-linked (not glycerol based) lipids in membrane, complex genes with introns, found in extreme environments |
| eubacteria | have a peptidoglycan cell wall, ester-linked lipids in membrane, and have simple genes |
| eukaryotic cells | have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| prokaryotic cells | single metabolic unit, no nucleus, no internal compartments |
| archae and bacteria | prokaryotic domains |
| eukaryotic cells | have organelles that "divide the labor" therefore they are larger and are more efficient |
| multicellular organisms | what type of organisms (single celled or multicellular) can grow larger because of being made of many cells where groups of cells become specialized for different functions |
| with and without cell walls | the two types of eukaryotic cells |
| with cell walls | plants fungi and some protists |
| with cell walls | hyperosmotic (water relations) |
| with cell walls | not motile |
| with cell walls | have a central vacuole |
| with cell walls | do not have lysosomes |
| with cell walls | use vacuoles for digestion |
| with cell walls | do not have centrioles |
| with cell walls | anastral - mitotic spindle |
| without cell walls | animals and some protists |
| without cell walls | isosmotic - water relations |
| without cell walls | has motility |
| without cell walls | does not ahve a central vacuole |
| without cell walls | has lysosomes |
| without cell walls | use lysosomes for digestion |
| without cell walls | have centrioles |
| without cell walls | anstral - mitotic spindle |
| nucleus and membrane bound organelles | what do the two types of eukaryotic cells have in common |
| functions of the nucleus | 1) protect DNA 2) copy DNA before cell division 3) Make a copy of DNA pieces (genes) when needed |
| nucleoli | structures within the nucleus |
| nucleoli | site of ribosome assembly |
| nucleoli | synthesis of ribosomal rna - use this rna and proteins imported from cytoplasm to make ribosomes |
| endoplasmic reticulum | network of flattened membranes throughout the cell |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | no ribosome on its surface |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | ribosomes on its surface |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | functions: make carbohydrates and lipids detoxify poisons and drugs, synthesizes steroids, stores calcium |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | make proteins for secretion |
| golgi apparatus | "post office" flattened stack of membranes, derived from ER, sorts and processes proteins and lipids.. produces glycoproteins and glycolipids by addiding sugar, main sit of carbohydrate synthesis in plants, products sent out in transport vesicles, collects, processes and delievers ER materials.. adds CH20 (stamp) |
| transport vesicles | organelles that transport golgi products to other parts of the cell |
| lysosomes | contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest (the four) macromolecules inside cell... they also digest worn out cell parts |
| prevent lysosome from digesting cells | primary lysosomes (inactive) have a high pH (7.2); after fusion with a vesicle, proton pump is activated and pH goes down (4.5 to 5) enzymes are now activated |
| vacuoles | store many substances |
| endomembrane system | derived from ER, transport of molecules in vesicles, proteins and lipids are glycosylated by adding carbohydrate |
| endomembrane system | includes ER, vesicles, vacuoles, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes |
| organelles of the endomembrane system | all are derived from the ER and are surrounded by a single membrane |
| mitochondria, plastids, and peroxisomes | which organelles are probably derived from endosymbiotic bacteria |
| peroxisomes | organelle with single outermembrane, microbodies, digest certain chemicals, poduce H202 which is then broken down to H2O and O2,..... convert fat to carbohydrate.. arise from other of itself not ER.. |
| mitochondria | generate ATP for rest of cell, generate NADH, produced from other of itself |
| plastids | organelles used for photosynthesis and starch storage and come from others of itself |
| chloroplasts | photosynthesis and make other chemicals |
| amyoplasts | store starch |
| chromoplasts | store pigments |
| plastids and mitochondria | double membrane, have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes |
| endosymbiotic theory | some organelles evolved by a symbiosis arising between 2 cells who were free-living |
| endosymbiotic theory | surrounded by double membrane (outer resembles ER, inner resembles bacterial plasma membrane, divide by fission) |
| endosymbiotic theory | evidence: mitochondria and chloroplasts contain own rna, dna, and ribosomes and are similar to bacteria (similar in size and shape , certain bacterial dna contain bacterial proteins and lipids) |
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