Clinical Pathology
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23 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Clinical Pathology | Evaluation of patient conditions by way of analysis of body fluids, tissue samples, or necropsy |
| Aspects of pathology | Hematology Clinical Chemistry Urinalysis Fecal Analysis Biopsy Histology |
| Hematology | study of blood cells (R,W,P) Use anticoagulant so platelets won't clot - then called plasma |
| Clinical Chemistry | Chemical enzymes, molecules in blood looks at fluid part of blood - not cells Use serum - part of blood that doesn't have the coagulation factors allows to look at enzymes that come from liver, ie. abnormal - something wrong with the liver |
| Urinalysis | blood, protein, glucose (indication of kidney disease) |
| Feces | parasites puppy/kitten with diarrhea - step 1. fecal sample |
| Biopsy | taking SOLID tissue Skin biopsy - epi, dermis, subcutaneous needle biopsy (aspiration) - only tiny amount taken - gets smooshed in needle punch biopsy - takes chunk - used for skin wedge biopsy - take section make slide of tissue - HISTOLOGY |
| Cytology | anything liquid - looking at for pathology abdominocentesis - ascites - looking at liquid |
| Hematology | Erythrocytes - red blood cells Leukocytes - white blood cells Thrombocytes - platelet cell (no nucleus in dogs and cats) Erythrocyte indices - way to measure RBC - how big? shape? how much hemoglobin? RBC have nucleus in birds and reptiles Nucleated RBC in dogs and cats = something wrong - regenerative anemia?? baby red blood cells have nucleus |
| Clinical Chemistry 2 | Serum vs plasma - we know this Electrolytes - Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Phosphorous (P) = can use in diagnosis, ie. increased levels of K involved in contraction of the the heart muscle, - used in euthanization fluid. Injectable bottle with black cap means it can kill you, ie. potassium. Exocrine - delivers enzymes or chemical compounds to another part of the body via a duct. many times it's an enzyme |
| Endocrine Serology | Has to do with serum Triaditis (gallbladder, duodenum, stomach) Thyroid how to test - thyroid hormone Adrenal gland - produces hormones that can be measured Endocrine pancreas - insulin |
| Serum qualities | Serum should be transparent lipemic - white - lipids hemolyzed - red/pink - it was shaken icteric - yellow serum |
| Test tubes | red top = no anticoagulant - serum - clinical chemistry lavender top = anticoagulant= plasma - hematology |
| Clinical correlates | Cyanosis - tissues appear blue - see in gums first - indication of lack of oxygen Icterus - Correlates with liver disease or red blood cells breaking - hemolytic anemia - in dogs - autoimmune |
| Hypersensitivity and blood smears | hypersensitivity - allergic = tons of mast cells eosinophil - has histomines |
| MItotic figures | too many - cancer if you see cells dividing abnormally and rapid - cancer |
| Renal histopathology | working unit of kidney = nephron microtome - makes slices of kidney - falls into bowl of water and scooped up because so thin - can't touch |
| Biopsy | Punch Wedge - Portosystemic Shunt Needle |
| Urinalysis | Reagents - chemical that reacts to one specific chemical or molecule - strip - dipsticks Color, odor, turbidity, amount Glucosuria (blue square), crystalluria (struvite), proteinuria, hemoglobinuria Anuria - kidney shut down = no urine |
| Urinalysis (Specific Gravity) | SG = molecular density of liquid compared to distilled water. 1.000 = distilled water Dilute urine = SG close to distilled water Concentrated urine = not a lot fluid high SG |
| PUPD | kidney disease - become dehydrated SQ fluid for chronic IV for acute |
| Fecal Analysis | Color (gray - pancreatic disease - stool chart - lol) Blood, parasites (most often looking for this), fat (enteric - pancreatic disease) Smear (putting feces on slide) and sediment (centrifuge) Fecal float - add feces to fluid with high SG - parasite eggs will float to top |
| Necropsy | metastatic lung cancer - white under blood heartworm - live in PA but travel to heart if bad |
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