Lessons 9-12
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Franklin D. Roosevelt | often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. |
| Herbert Hoover | Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | (HH) 1930 , charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliatio, HIGHEST EVER |
| New Deal | President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. |
| Social Security Act | guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health |
| Works Progress Administration | May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project. |
| Agriculture Adjustment Administration | Unsuccessfully attempted to increase prices by reducing supply of farm goods, later declared unconstitutional |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insures up to $100,000 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks. FDIC |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. |
| Francis Perkins | was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the US Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of Roosevelt's cabinet who remained in offices for his entire Presidency |
| Mary McLeod Bethune | was a leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Lend-Lease Act | Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States." |
| Rosie the Riveter | A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. |
| Tuskegee Airmen | 332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school. |
| Nisei Regiments | Asian Americans that served in the military during World War II |
| Bataan Death March | April 1942, American soldiers were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the prisoners died en route. |
| Normandy Invasion (D-day) | On 6 June 1944, Canadian Troops were part of the Allied forces which attacked the Normandy coast of France in OperationOverlord. |
| Geneva Convention | humane treatment of POWs, no execution,torture or starvation,must be given shelter, all but Japan and Germany signed |
| Pearl Harbor | United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. |
| Midway | naval battle of World War II (June 1942), naval battle of World War II (June 1942) land and carrier-based American planes decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands |
| El Alamein | Turning point in the war in North Africa. German General Rommel's forces were defeated in October 1942 in Egypt and as a result retreated to Tunisia. |
| Iwo Jima | One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan |
| Final Solution | Jewish question-murder of every single Jew-had begun-mass arresting, and trafficking of Jews to the concentration camps-mass killings occurred as well in the gas chambers |
| Okinawa | The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. |
| Nuremberg Trials | Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes |
| Hiroshima | City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. |
| Nagasaki | Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945). |
| Stalingrad | Site of critical World War II Soviet victory that reversed Germany's advance to the East. In late 1942, Russian forces surrounded the Germans, and on Feb. 2, 1943, the German Sixth Army surrendered. First major defeat for the Germans in World War II. |
| Navajo Code Talkers | Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher |
| Office of Strategic Services | a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). |
| Adolf Hitler | This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces. |
| Internment Camps | The US forced thousands of Japanese Americans in camps and sold there land and shop, this did this because they were suspicious of them because of pearl harbor, they soon realized their mistake |
| Joseph Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) |
| Erwin Rommel | "Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler. |
| Hediki Tojo | prime minister of Japan during reign of Hirohito (WW2); basically ran the country |
| George C. Marshall | Secretary of State, invited the Europeans to work out a joint plan for their economic recovery, offered financial aid to the Soviet Union and its allies |
| George S. Patton | He commanded the American armored divisions across France after D Day |
| Battle of Britain | an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. |
| Manhattan Project | Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. |
| Bernard Montgomery | A British army general who defeated the Germans at El Alamein in Egypt, and began pursuing them westward. |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786) |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School |
| Harry S. Truman | The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. |
| Containment of Communism | During the mid 1940s, Russia began to spread their communism widely. The Capitalist nations fought the Communists very hard in order that communism should not preside among Western nations. So that the non-Communist countries would hold strongly against pressure from Communist nations, the United States gave them military aid, whether they supported the U.S. or not. |
| Winston Churchill | A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. |
| Truman Doctrine | First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism. |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries |
| Warsaw Pact | treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania |
| Massive Retaliation | The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. |
| Pumpkin Papers | Chambers revealed documents Hiss supposedly gave him that would prove he was guilty; Bureau of Standards data that could be found at library |
| Joseph McCarthy | 1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists |
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. |
| Alger Hiss | A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon. |
| The Red Scare | the fear that spread across the nation that a communist revolution would take place in the U.S.; many threats and people were deported or arrested |
| Satellite Countries | the cold war started because the the soviet's occupation and refusal to leave eastern/central european countries after the war. These countries were called "satellite" countries because they seem to "orbit" around Russia. They all became communistic. "Red Hot Chilli Peppers Burn" Romania, Hungaria, Czechosolvakia, Poland, and Bulgaria. the "iron curtain" countries. |
| Cold War | The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. |
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