| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Organic compounds | Made primarily of carbon atoms; most matter in living organisms that is not water is made of this |
| When carbon atoms bond with other carbon atoms they form... (3 things) | Straight chains, branched chains, or rings |
| Functional groups | Clusters of atoms |
| Monomers | A simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| Polymer | A molecule that consists of repeated, linked units |
| Macromolecules | Large polymers; many types, such as, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Condensation reaction | A chemical reaction where monomers link to form polymers |
| Hydrolysis | A reaction where water is used to break down a polymer |
| ATP | A compound found in living things that supplies the energy in cells |
| Carbohydrates | Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Monosaccharides | A monomer of a carbohydrate; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Disaccharide | (In living things), 2 monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar |
| Polysaccharide | A complex molecule composed of 3 or more monosaccharides |
| Proteins | Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| Amino acids | Protein monomers / the linkage of monomers |
| R groups | Give different proteins different shapes |
| Peptide bond | A condensation reaction where two amino acids form a covalent bond and release a water molecule |
| Polypeptides | Long chains that amino acids form |
| Enzymes | RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts; are essential for the functioning of any cell |
| Substrate | Reactant being catalyzed |
| Active site | An enzyme's folds |
| Lipids | Large, non-polar organic molecules |
| Fatty acids | Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids |
| Phospholipids | Have 2, instead of 3, fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol |
| Wax | A type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain |
| Steroid | Composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them |
| Nucleic acids | Large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important info in the cell |
| DNA | Contains info that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activity |
| RNA | Stores and transfers info from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins |
| Nucleotide | 3 main components: phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base |
| Hydrophilic | "Friend of water"; part of biological membrane |
| Hydrophobic | "Fear of water"; part of biological membrane |
| Sexual dimorphism | Males and females look different from each other |
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