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Education the formal system in which society passes its information and values from one generation to the next Hidden curriculum refers to lessons taught in school that are unrelated to academic learning Teacher expectancy effect the impact a teacher's expectations have on a student's performance Grades students' overall grade point averages (GPA) have increased over time 1. student performance 2. grade inflation - the trend of assigning higher grades than previously assigned to students for completing the same work Human capital refers to a person's combination of skills, knowledge, traits, and personal attributes Credentialism refers to an emphasis on educational degrees in assessing skills and knowledge Religion a unified system of beliefs and practices related to the sacred, which unite all those who adhere to them into one moral community Theism the belief in a God or Gods Monotheism the belief in just one God 1. Judaism, Christianity, Islam Polytheism the belief in multiple gods and demigods 1. ancient Nordic mythology Philosophies of life ways of life that focus on a set of ethical, moral or philosophical principles Totemism the practice of honoring a totem or a sacred object Simple Supernaturalism the belief in a variety of supernatural forces that affect and influence people's lives Animism the belief that recognizes that animate spirits live in natural objects and operate in the world Cults new religious movements led by charismatic leaders with new followers Sects religious groups that have enough members to sustain themselves and go against society's norms Church a large highly organized group of believers Theocracy a state religion that is formed when government and religion both work together to shape society profane means related or devoted to that which is not scared or biblical Rituals established patterns of behavior closely associated with expeience of the sacred Specularization the overall decline in the importance and power of religion in people's lives Civil religion a binding force that holds society together through political and social issues intermarriage marriage between people of different religions Postdenominationism the recent trend that stretches religious boundaries 1. for example, a growth of nondenominational churches System of beliefs relates sacred objects to religious rituals and define and protect the sacred from the profane Organization of believers a group of people that ensures prosperity and effectiveness of the religious experience Symbololic interactionalist religous objects are important symbols Functionalist believed that religion binds the community together through rituals and tradition Conflict theorists believe that religion legitimizes social inequalities Religion also promotes obedience and legitimizes government Grade Inflation the trend of assigning higher grades than previously assigned to students for completing the same work Sacred connected to God or dedicated to a religious purpose