Dental Hygiene Boards- Anatomy
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Created by:
nkcktk3 on May 5, 2012
Subjects:
Description:
ADHP 2012 Board material- anatomy of head and neck
Classes:
sccc dental hygiene 2014, SB-Class 2013, DHYG 1020, ADHP 2012 Dental Hygiene Boards
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302 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nerve for tongue | Lingual Nerve |
| Nerve for cheek | Buccal Nerve |
| Nerve for #6-11 | Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve |
| Nerve for Posterior upper molars | Posterior superior alveolar nerve |
| Nerve for upper premolars | Middle superior alveolar nerve |
| Nerve for mandible | Inferior alveolar nerve |
| Nerve for Floor of the mouth | Mylohyoid nerve |
| Ganglion | Accumulation of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system |
| Maxilla | Pair bones Landmarks- Infraorbital foramen Processes- alveolar, zygomatic, frontal, and palatine |
| synapse | junction between 2 neurons or a neuron and muscle |
| temporomandibular ligament | TMJ Located lateral side of each joint forms a reinforcement of the capsule of the TMJ Prevents excessive retraction of the mandible |
| Neuron | cellular component pertaining to nervous system |
| nervous system | causes muscles to contract stimulates glands allows for sensations to be perceived |
| mylohyoid muscle | muscle in the floor of the mouth attaches to mylohyoid ridge |
| buccinator | muscle of facial expression helps mastication by keeping food on the chewing surface cheek muscle |
| buccinator and mylohyoid muscles | 2 accessory muscles of mastication |
| cleft palate | results from incomplete fusion of the maxillary bones at palatine process open area that can involve from no teeth to involving teeth, palate, lip, and nasal. can involve pedodontist, oral surgeon, and pediatrician some appliances may be needed after birth. can involve several surgeries |
| mucocele | blockage of minor salivary gland occurs mainly in lip about the size of a dime must be removed |
| bacteremia | bacteria traveling within the vascular system |
| medial | area that is closer to the median plane of the body or structure |
| temporomandibular disorder | disorder involving one or both temporomandibular joints |
| innervation | nerve supply to the periodontium |
| depression of the mandible | lowering of the lower jaw |
| muscle | type of body tissue that shortens under neural control, causing soft tissue and bony structures to move |
| action | movement accomplished by a muscle when the muscle fibers contract |
| bones | mineralized structures of the body that protect internal soft tissues and serve as the biomechanical basis for movement |
| lingual | structures closest to the tongue |
| buccal | structures closest to the inner cheek |
| superior | area that faces toward the head of the body, away from the feet |
| superficial | structures located toward the surface of the body |
| sagittal plane | any plane of the body created by an imaginary plane parallel with the median plane |
| inferior | area that faces away from the head and toward the feet of the body |
| deep | structures located inward, away from the body surface |
| apex | pointed end of a conical structure |
| dorsal | back of an area of the body |
| distal | area that is farther away from the median plane of the body |
| cardiovascular disease | when atherosclerosis occurs in arteries leading to the heart |
| frontal section | section of the body through any frontal plane |
| articulation | area where the bones are joined to each other |
| parotid gland | largest gland. paired. located in front of ear, outside of skull, under skin and muscle. Stenson's Duct. Serous secretions- 25% of total volume. Responsible for mumps |
| mandible (V3) | 3rd and largest division of trigeminal nerve sensory and motor to mandible |
| facial paralysis | loss of muscle actions in muscles of facial expressions |
| plasma | watery basis of blood composition |
| red blood cells | erythrocytes |
| white blood cells | mono-, lymph-, leukocytes; varying types |
| platelets | important part of blood composition for clotting |
| arteries | blood vessel that carries blood away from heart has muscles on inside of walls |
| veins | blood vessel that carries blood to heart operates by valves |
| capillary | tiny blood vessel that branches off small artery to supple blood to tissue |
| venule | smaller vein that drains the capillaries in the tissue area |
| plexus | network of veins that comes together (paired) |
| heart | hollow organ dual action pump thick muscular walls right side pumps to lungs left side pumps to body |
| posterior | back of an area of the body |
| mitral and tricuspid | 2 valves of the heart |
| maxillary sinusitis | infection of the maxillary sinus |
| stylomandibular ligament | runs from styloid process of temporal bone to the angle of the mandible taut when mandible is protruded |
| neurotransmitter | chemical agen that is discharged to cause action of a muscle |
| nerve | bundle of neurons |
| muscles | allows us to move usually works in groups 2 kinds- involuntary and voluntary |
| dorsal | top posterior of tongue |
| mandible | single bone only movable bone of face many landmarks present largest and strongest bone of face articulates with temporal bone to form TMJ |
| zygomatic bone | also known as malar bone forms cheek bone forms zygomatic arch with temporal bone 4 process form arch often seen in panoramic and PAX |
| efferent (motor) | carries info away from brain/spinal cord to the body (info from brain) |
| normal flora | resident microorganisms that usually do not cause infections |
| hilus | depression on one side of a lymph node where lymph flows out by way of an efferent lymphatic vessel |
| spinal cord | carries messages to the brain and carries messages from brain part of central nervous system |
| anastomosis | communication of a blood vessel with another blood vessel by a connecting channel |
| sphenomandibular, stylomandibular, temporomandibular | 3 TMJ Ligaments |
| median | structure at the median plane |
| afferent vessel | type of lymphatic vessel in which lymph flows into the lymph node |
| Trigeminal Nerve | V cranial nerve sensory and motor supplies most oral features and facial muscles, teeth, tongue, palate |
| olfactory nerve | I cranial nerve sensory sense of smell |
| optic nerve | II cranial nerve sensory sight and visual impluses |
| oculomotor nerve | III cranial nerve motor movement of eyeball and dilation of pupils |
| trochlear nerve | IV cranial nerve motor movement of eyeball |
| abducens nerve | VI cranial nerve motor movement of eyeball |
| proximal | area closer to the median plane of the body |
| masseter muscle | strong muscle in the buccal region which is felt when a patient clenches the teeth together |
| orbicularis oris | muscle of facial expression origin- encircles the mouth insertion- angle of mouth actions: closes lips, pursing lips, rolling lips inward, puckering |
| lateral pterygoid muscle | muscle origin- several different places on sphenoid insertion- condyle, near TMJ action- protrudes and lateral deviation of mandible fibers run horizontally |
| medial pterygoid muscle | muscle origin- sphenoid bone insertion- angle of mandible, medial surface action- elevates mandible forms sling with masseter; synergist with masseter |
| masseter, temporal, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid | 4 muscles of mastication |
| voluntary muscle | muscles used for walking and tirggered by thought |
| involuntary muscle | muscle auto-responses from body ex: breathing, digestion, heartbeat, eyes |
| retromolar pad | triangular area where medial and lateral views of the mandible come together Provides support for patients with lower partial |
| mandibular canal | area used for mental block on lingual and opens into mental foramen |
| opportunistic infections | normal flora creating an infectious process because the body's defenses are compromised |
| lymphadenopathy | swelling of lymph nodes :abnormal enlargement" can be helped with antibiotic |
| median plane | plane created by an imaginary line that divides the body into right and left halves |
| zygomatic process of maxilla | forms part of cheekbone with zygomatic arch often seen in panoramic and periapical films |
| opportunisitic pathogen | capable of causing disease only when the host's resistance is lowered |
| lymphatic vessels | part of lymphatic system that runs parallel to most veins in the body |
| alveolar, zygomatic, frontal, palatine | 4 bones with processes attaching to maxilla |
| 5 anatomic parts of TMJ | articular fossa articular eminence condyle articular disc synovial fluid |
| articular disc | divides space between bones |
| synovial fluid | padding in between bones |
| vomer | single bone also known as nasal septum forms midline of nose not important to oral cavity forms inferior portion of nasal septum |
| arch | prominen bridgelike bony structure |
| ranula | mucole that appear in floor of mouth of major salivary glands |
| midsagittal section | section of the body through the median plane |
| meatus | opening or canal in the bone |
| ramus | vertical portion of mandible |
| angle | attaches several muscles to mandible |
| body | horizontal portion of mandible |
| condyle | portion of mandible that connects to the TMJ |
| coronoid process | main portion of the anterior border of ramus |
| alveolar process | forms sockets of teeth |
| 8 landmarks of mandible | oblique ridge mental foramen mandibular canal alveolar process mylohyoid grooves mandibular foramen lingula retromolar pad |
| 7 types of muscles of head and neck | cervical muscles muscles of facial expression muscles of mastication muscles of tongue muscles of the pharynx muscles of the hyoid muscles of the soft palate |
| anesthesia | shuts down communication of nerves and neurons by blocking the chemicals from entering at the synapses |
| sympathetic nervous system | "flight or flight" responses |
| parasympathetic nervous system | "rest or digest" responses |
| central and peripheral nervous systems | 2 branches of nervous system |
| sensory and motor | 2 branches of peripheral nervous system |
| sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems | 2 branches of autonomic nervous system |
| gliding movement of TMJ | allows jaw to move forward and backward occurs between disk and articular eminence in the upper synovial cavity |
| rotational movement of TMJ | depression and elevation of jaw occurs between disc and condyle of lower synovial cavity |
| Central nervous system | control center one of the major divisions of nervous system composed of brain and spinal cord surrounded by skull and spinal vertebrae for protection |
| sensory/afferent vessels | carries infor from the periphery of the body to brain or spinal cord |
| maxillary sinuses | largest of paranasal sinuses paired located within the maxilla Significant to dentistry with max post exts-perforation, max sinus infections, implant placements/sinus lifts, and with air travel- with infection, descension is painful |
| frontal sinuses | paired sinuses located in frontal bone separated by septum drains into nasal cavity irregularly shaped |
| sphenoid sinuses | sinuses located in sphenoid bone cannot be palpated in oral exam |
| ethmoid sinuses | located in the ethmoid bone cannot be palpated in oral exam |
| ligament | a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones |
| alvoelar process of the maxilla | houses/forms sockets of teeth bone on facial surface is thin effected by perio dz resorbs quickly after extraction forms as deciduous teeth erupt |
| mitral valve prolapse | when the valve connection the left ventricle and left atrium is leaking |
| aorta | biggest artery in body |
| 4 processes of zygomatic arch | Zygomatic process of temporal bone temporal process of zygomatic bone maxillary process of zygomatic bone zygomatic process of maxillary bone |
| pulmonary artery | only artery that carries deoxygenated blood carries it to the lungs |
| pulmonary vein | only vein that carries oxygenated blood |
| mandible | single bone only movable bone of the face many landmarks largest and strongest facial bone articulates with temporal bone to form TMJ |
| Heart | Several arteries branch directly off the aorta to feed the _____________ |
| sublingual gland | paired glands located in the anterior floor of mouth under the tongue. smallest gland with many ducts mixed salivay composition, but predominantly mucous- 10% volume |
| hematoma | trauma to a blood vessel |
| Palatine process of the maxilla | forms hard palate fuses in teh middle at suture line If fusion doesn't occur, cleft palate forms |
| frontal process of the maxilla | fuses with frontal bone facially |
| vermillion zone | shaded area of lips that is darker than surrounding skin |
| vermillion border | transition zone betweek skin and vermillion zone |
| philtrum | area under nose that extends from nasal septum to the top of the lip |
| tubercle | point on upper lip where the philtrum terminates |
| labial commissure | corners of mouth |
| greater palatine foramen | aiming area for palatal injections |
| Maxillary (V2) nerve | 2nd division of trigeminal nerve sensory to maxilla and surrounding tissues suicide nerve- can effect women 40+ years old on right side and causes excruciating pain (also called Tie Douleureaux or Trigeminal Neuralgia) |
| palatine bones | paired bones most posterior part of the hard palate 2 bones fuse together @ the midline to form the hard palate greater palatine foramen located @ posterior lateral region |
| opthalmic (V1) nerve | 1st and smallest division of trigeminal nerve carries sensory information to brain sensory for eyeball, cornea, and forehead |
| zygomatic bones | also known as malar bone forms cheek bone helps form zygomatic arch paired |
| lacrimal bones | paired bones irregular thin plates of bone that forms the medial wall of the orbit (eye) lacrimal (tear duct) glands are present @ the margin of these bones |
| inferior nasal conchae | paired bones within the bony part of the nose lateral portion of the nasal septum |
| pterygoid venus plexus | drains everything from head and neck area to the heart |
| external auditory meatus | short canal leading to the tympanic cavity |
| nasal bones | paired bones forms bridge of the nose |
| ethmoid bone | single bone midline bone int he cranium part of nose lies behind the frontal bone, between the eyes part of floor of cranial base |
| sphenoid bone | single bone bat-shaped forms anterior base of the skull has many foramens and processes landmark- greater wing of sphenoid |
| parietal bones | paired bones forms upper back side of skull |
| sinus | cavity within the bone |
| submandibular gland | paired glands lcoated inside the medial angle of mandible walnut sized Wharton's Duct Mixed salivary compostion- 60-65% Empties behind mandibular anterior teeth |
| frontal bone | single bone forms the forehead and top of the eye has supraorbital notch |
| temporal bone | paired bones landmarks- mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process, external auditory meatus |
| occipital bone | single bone forms back of head landmark- foramen magnum (huge hole in this bone through which the spinal cord passes) |
| process | like a projection; an irregularly shaped extension named for where it is going |
| landmarks | characteristics that appear on a specific bone |
| nerve block | type of injection that anesthetizes a larger area than local infiltration because the local anesthetic agen is deposited near large nerve trunks |
| external acousitc meatus | tube through which sound waves are transmitted to the middlbe ear within the skull |
| bones | protect support basis for movement consideration in spread of dental infections |
| apex | tip of tongue |
| ventral | under tongue |
| lateral | sides of tongue |
| anatomical postition | position in which the body is erect, with arms @ the sides, plams and toes directed forward, and eyes looking forward |
| zygomatic region | region of the head that is lateral to the infraorbital region overlies zygomatic arch (cheek bone) |
| inferior nasal conchae | paired bones withing the body part of the nose lateral portion of nasal septum |
| temporal | region of the head where the external ear is a prominent feature |
| anastomose | to join together; in the periodontium, a complex system of blood vessels supplies blood to the periodontal tissues |
| alveolar bone proper | also known as cribriform plate thin layer of bone that lines the socket to surround the root of the tooth |
| effernt vessel | type of lymphatic vessel in which lymph flows out of the lymph node in the area of the node's hilus |
| foramen/ foramina | short, windowlike opening in the bone |
| insertion | end of the muscle that is attatched to the more movable structure |
| 7 types of facial bones | vomer lacrimal bones- paired inferior nasal conchae- paired zygomatic bones- paired maxillary bones- paired mandible |
| 6 types of cranial bones | occipital frontal parietal-paired temporal- paired sphenoid ethmoid |
| 22 | Number of bones in the skull |
| labial | structure closest to lips |
| origin | end of the muscle that is attached to the least movable structure |
| lateral deviation of the mandible | shifting of the lower jaw to one side |
| atherosclerosis | the narrowing and blockage of the arteries by a buildup of plaque |
| plexus | network of blood vessels, usually veins |
| thrombus/thrombi | clot that forms on the inner blood vessel wall |
| afferent nerve | sensory nerve that carries information from the periphery of the body to the brain or spinal cord |
| process | general term for any prominence on a bony surface |
| facial | structures closest to the facial surface |
| alveolar bone | the bone that surrounds the roots of the teeth. It forms the bony sockets that support and protect the roots of the teeth |
| external | outer side of the wall of a hollow structure |
| contralateral | structures on the opposite side of the body |
| joint | site of a junction or union between two or more bones |
| lateral | area that is farther away from the median plane of the body or structure |
| temporomandibular joint | joint located inferior to the zygomatic arch and just anterior to the ear where upper skull forms a joint with the lower jaw |
| oral cavity | inside of the mouth |
| paresthesia | abnormal sensation from an area such as burning or prickling |
| embolus/emboli | foreign material or thrombus traveling in the blood that can block the vessel |
| horizontal plane | plane created by an imaginary line that divides the body @ any level into superior and inferior portions |
| internal | inner side of the wall of a hollow structure |
| ipsilateral | structures on the same side of the body |
| palatal | structure closest to the palate |
| elevation of the mandible | rising of the lower jaw |
| retraction of the mandible | bringing backward of the lower jaw |
| hematoma | bruise that results when a blood vessel is injured and a small amount of blood escapes into the surrounding tissue and clots |
| capillary | smaller blood vessel that branches off an arteriole to supply blood directly to tissue |
| plaque | substance which consists of cholesterol (mainly), calcium, clotting proteins, and other substances that can be found lining arteries |
| vein | type of blood vessel that travels to the heart, carrying blood |
| Bell's Palsy | type of unilateral facial paralysis involving the facial nerve |
| anesthesia | the loss of feeling or sensation resulting from the use of certain drugs or gases that seruve as inhibitory neurotransmitters |
| Abducen's Nerve Paralysis | loss of funtion of the 6th cranial nerve |
| bacteremia | bacteria traveling within the vascular system |
| anterior | front area of the body |
| artery | type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| cells | smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently |
| protrusion of the mandible | bringing forward of the lower jaw |
| facial paralysis | loss of action of the facial muscles |
| transverse section | section of the body through any horizontal plane |
| 8 | number of cranial bones |
| 14 | number of facial bones |
| occipital | single bone forms back of head landmark- foramen magnum |
| foramen magnum | huge foramen in occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes |
| temporal bone | paired bones landmarks- mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process, external auditory meatus |
| frontal bone | single bone forms the forehead and the top of the eye contains supraorbital notch location of frontal sinuses |
| parietal bone | paired bones forms upper back side of skull |
| sphenoid | singe bone bat-shaped forms anterior base of skull many foramen and processes landmark- greater wing of sphenoid |
| ethmoid | single bone midline bone of cranium part of nose lies behind the frontal bone, between the eyes |
| vomer | single bone also known as nasal septum forms midline of nose not important to oral cavity forms inferior portion of nasal septum |
| nasal bones | paired forms bridge of nose |
| lacrimal bones | paired irregular thin plates of bone that forms the medial wall of the orbit lacrimal glands (tear ducts) present @ the margin of this bone |
| palatine bones | paired most posterior part of the hard palate they fuse together to form hard palate greater palatine foramen located @ posterior lateral region |
| maxilla | paired bones landmark- infraorbital foramen has processes with 4 different bones |
| Cranial Nerves | On Old Olympus Tiny Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops |
| Cranial Nerve; sensory /motor | Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says, Bad Business, Marry Money |
| 2 cranial nerves controlling tongue | IX-Glossopharyngeal XII- Hypoglossal |
| most facial and oral pain through these 2 nerves | V- trigeminal VII- facial |
| Paired | All cranial nerves are ________ |
| Trigeminal Nerve | Gasserion ganglion present 3 divisions feeding eye, maxilla, and mandible |
| Gasserion Ganglion | also known as trigeminal ganglion Where the 3 division of trigeminal nerve meet |
| eminence | tubercle or rounded elevation on a bony surface |
| Surfaces and Sutures | 2 places where bones grow at |
| pathogen | a virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes dz |
| primary node | lymph node that drains lymph from a particular region |
| secondary node | lymph node that drains lymph from a primary node |
| hemorrhage | large amounts of blood that escape into the surroudning tissue without clotting when a blood vessel is seriously injured |
| base | posterior 1/3 of tongue |
| body | anterior 2/3 of tongue |
| ventral | front area of the body |
| temporomandibule joint | a joint on each side of the ehad that allows for movement of the mandible, speech, and mastication Location: where condyle of mandible articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone |
| articular disc | also called a meniscus attached to condyle on medial and lateral poles shape conforms with shape of adjacent articulating bones completely divides TMJ into 2 compartments can be wrinking, torn, hardened, or detached on one end |
| sphenomandibular ligament | not part of TMJ, but rather on the medial side of the mandible Attaches @ spine of sphenoid bone to the lingual of the mandibular foramen becomes taut when mandible is protruded |
| frontal plane | plane created by an imaginary line that divides the body at any level into anterior and posterior portions |
| subluxation | dislocation of joints |
| paranasal sinus | provides ventilation to head lightens skull drainage acts as sound resonators provides mucous for nasal cavity can be involved with allergies or infection as in primary sinusitis or in tooth infection as in secondary sinusitis |
| lymphatic system | filters toxins and other foreign bodies out of body typically green in diagrams has valve system similar to veins |
| metastasis | spread of cancer from primary location once cancer enters lymphatic system, it can enter the blood stream and spread |
| Facial nerve | VII nerve muscles of facial expression, tear glands, salivary glands sensory and motor |
| Acoustic nerve | VIII nerve hearing and balance also known as auditory or vestibular cochlear sensory and motor |
| Glossopharyngeal nerve | IX nerve primarily sens of taste sensory and motor |
| Vagus nerve | X nerve vocal cords, heart, respiration, digestion autonomic nervous system sensory and motor |
| Spinal Accessory nerve | XI nerve synergist to Vagus nerve Motor |
| Hypoglossal nerve | XII nerve primarily tongue movement motor |
| amylase | begins process of breaking food down into simple sugars in saliva |
| sialolith | stone formed in glands cause by minerals in saliva causes facial swelling with recurrence with little pain pt placed on antibiotic and sugar-free lemon drops to increase salivary flow Oral surgeon can remove stone or part of gland if necessary |
| coronal | towards the crown of a tooth |
| infraorbital region | region of the head located inferior to the orbial region and lateral to the nasal region |
| local infiltration | type of injection that anesthetizes a small area- one or two teeth and associated structures- when the local anesthetic agent is deposited near nerminal nerve endings |
| suture | generally immovable articulation in which bones are joined by fibrous tissue |
| trigeminal nerve | innervates to the maxilla by the second branch and the mandible by the third branch have sensory, motor, and intermediate roots that attach directly to the brain responsible for the sensory sensibility of most of the skin of the front part of the face and head, the teeth, oracl cavity, maxillary sinus, and nasal cavity |
| superior vena cava | large vein on top of heart |
| inferior vena cava | large vein coming in from bottom of the heart |
| valves | there are no ________ in the veins of the head and neck, which makes infection very easy to spread and to linger in an area |
| xerostomia | decreased saliva flow |
| scalp | layers of soft tissue overlying the bones of the brain case |
| mastoid process | site for large muscles of the neck to attach |
| endocrine | secreted into blood; hormones, such as thyroid and pituitary glands |
| exocrine | secreted to specific locations by ducts; salivary and lacrimal glands |
| mucous | ropey saliva composition |
| serous | water saliva composition |
| mixed | both watery and ropey saliva composition combined |
| thyroid | largest endocrine glandthyroxine should be part of extraoral exam- palpate goiter- inflammed neck responsible for metabolic rate and temp- control |
| hypo | prefix meaning not enough |
| hyper | prefix meaning too much |
| lingual artery | artery to tongue |
| facial artery | artery to cheek |
| posterior superior alveolar artery | artery to max molars |
| middle superior alveolar artery | artery to max premolars |
| anterior superior alveolar artery | artery to #6-11 |
| inferior alveolar artery | artery to mandible |
| infraorbital artery | connects anterior superior alveolar artery and middle superior alveolar arter to the maxillary artery |
| maxillary artery | feeds all area of face. connects to external carotid artery |
| external carotid artery | connects to common carotid arter |
| common carotid artery | connects to aorta |
| middle superior alveolar vein | ... |
| anterior superior alveolar vein | ... |
| posterior superior alveolar vein | ... |
| infraorbital vein | ... |
| pterygoid venus plexus | ... |
| maxillary vein | ... |
| retromandibular vein | ... |
| common facial vein | ... |
| internal jugular vein | ... |
| inferior alveolar vein | ... |
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