SparkNotes - The French Revolution
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Created by:
Copsi on May 5, 2012
Subjects:
ap modern european history, the french revolution, sparknotes, melf
Description:
SparkNotes has some extremely helpful reviews on each part of European history, so I'm transferring some things into flashcard form.
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Napoleon (Bonaparte) | A general in the French army and leader of the 1799 coup that overthrew the Directory. _____'s accession marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of _____ France and Europe. |
| (Jacques-Pierre) Brissot | A member of the Legislative Assembly and National Convention who held a moderate stance and believed in the idea of a constitutional monarchy. _____'s followers, initially known simply as Brissotins, eventually became known more generally as the Girondists. After unsuccessfully declaring war on Austria and Prussia, _____ was removed from the National Convention and, like many Girondin leaders, lost his life at the guillotine during the Reign of Terror in 1793-1794. |
| (Charles de) Calonne | The controller general of finance appointed by King Louis XVI after Jacques Necker was forced out of office in 1781. _____ proposed a daring plan to shift the French tax burden from the poor to wealthy nobles and businessmen, suggesting a tax on land proportional to land values and a lessened tax burden for peasants. The French nobility, however, refused to pay these taxes. |
| (Lazare) Carnot | A French soldier appointed by the Committee of Public Safety to help reorganize the failing war effort against Austria and Prussia. _____ did so very effectively and made enough of a name for himself to earn a seat as one of the first members of the Directory. Although he was removed from this position during the overthrow of September 4, 1797, he went on to hold various posts in future governments. |
| (Marquis de) Lafayette | A liberal nobleman who led French forces assisting in the American Revolution. The common people of France revered _____ as an idealistic man who was dedicated to liberty and the principles of the Revolution. Although _____ organized the National Guard of armed citizens to protect the Revolution from attack by the king, he balked as the Revolution became more radical. |
| Louis XVI | The French king from 1774 to 1792 who was deposed during the French Revolution and executed in 1793. _____ inherited the debt problem left by his grandfather, Louis XV, and added to the crisis himself through heavy spending during France's involvement in the American Revolution from 1775 to 1783. Because this massive debt overwhelmed all of his financial consultants, _____ was forced to give in to the demands of the Parlement of Paris and convene the Estates-General—an action that led directly to the outbreak of the Revolution. _____ was deposed in 1792 and executed a year later. |
| Marie Antoinette | The wife of King Louis XVI and, in the French commoners' eyes, the primary symbol of the French royalty's extravagance and excess. When _____ was executed in 1793, she was dressed in a plain dress, common to the poorest in French society. |
| (Jacques) Necker | A Swiss-born banker who served as France's director general of finance in the late 1770s, with high hopes of instituting reform. As it turned out, _____ was able only to propose small efforts at eliminating costly inefficiencies. He did produce a government budget, however, for the first time in French history. |
| (Maximilien) Robespierre | A brilliant political tactician and leader of the radical Jacobins in the National Assembly. As chairman of the Committee of Public Safety, _____ pursued a planned economy and vigorous mobilization for war. He grew increasingly paranoid about counterrevolutionary opposition, however, and during the Reign of Terror of 1793-1794 attempted to silence all enemies of the Revolution in an effort to save France from invasion. After the moderates regained power and the Thermidorian Reaction was under way, they had _____ executed on July 28, 1794. |
| (Emmanuel-Joseph) Sieyes | A liberal member of the clergy, supporter of the Third Estate, and author of the fiery 1789 pamphlet "What Is the Third Estate?" _____ was one of the primary leaders of the Third Estate's effort at political and economic reform in France. |
| August Decrees | A series of decrees issued by the National Assembly in August 1789 that successfully suppressed the Great Fear by releasing all peasants from feudal contracts. |
| Bastille | A large armory and state prison in the center of Paris that a mob of sans-culottes sacked on July 14, 1789, giving the masses arms for insurrection. The storming of the _____ had little practical consequence, but it was an enormous symbolic act against the ancien régime, inspired the revolutionaries, and is still celebrated today as the French holiday _____ Day. |
| Bourgeoisie | The middle and upper classes of French society who, as members of the Third Estate, wanted an end to the principle of privilege that governed French society in the late 1700s. The _____ represented the moderate voices during the French Revolution and were represented by delegates in both the Estates-General and the National Assembly. |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy | A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. |
| Committee of Public Safety | A body, chaired by Maximilien Robespierre, to which the National Convention gave dictatorial powers in April 1793 in an attempt to deal with France's wars abroad and economic problems at home. Although the _____ led off its tenure with an impressive war effort and economy-salvaging initiatives, things took a turn for the worse when Robespierre began his violent Reign of Terror in late 1793. |
| Constitution of 1791 | The new French _____ that in _____ established a constitutional monarchy, or limited monarchy, with all executive power answerable to a legislative assembly. Under the new _____, King Louis XVI could only temporarily veto legislation passed by the assembly. The _____ restricted voting in the assembly to the upper and middle classes of French society and abolished "nobility" as a legal order. |
| Declaration of Pillnitz | An August 27, 1791, warning from Prussia and Austria announcing that they would intervene militarily in France if any harm came to King Louis XVI, who had just been captured trying to escape with his family from Paris. The _____ prompted then-Legislative Assembly leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot to declare war on Austria and Prussia. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | A document, issued by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789, that granted sovereignty to all French people. The _____, which drew from the ideas of some of the Enlightenment's greatest thinkers, asserted that liberty is a "natural" and "imprescriptible" right of man and that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights." |
| Directory | The new executive branch established by the constitution written during the moderate Thermidorian Reaction of 1794-1795. The _____ was appointed by the legislative assembly. However, after 1797 election results proved unfavorable to elements in the _____, it orchestrated an overthrow of the assembly and maintained dubious control over France until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. |
| Estates General | A medieval representative institution in France that had not met for 175 years before King Louis XVI reconvened it on May 5, 1789, to deal with the looming financial crisis. Consisting of three estates—the clergy, nobility, and commoners, respectively—the _____ was the only group that would be able to force the assorted French parlements into accepting the controller general of finance Charles de Calonne's tax decrees. |
| Girondists | The name given to the moderates in the National Convention. The _____ controlled the legislative assembly until 1793, when, with the war going poorly and food shortages hurting French peasants, the Jacobins ousted them from power. |
| Great Fear | A period in July and August 1789 during which rural peasants revolted against their feudal landlords and wreaked havoc in the French countryside. |
| Jacobins | The radical wing of representatives in the National Convention, named for their secret meeting place in the _____ Club, in an abandoned Paris monastery. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the _____ called for democratic solutions to France's problems and spoke for the urban poor and French peasantry. The _____ took control of the convention, and France itself, from 1793 to 1794. As Robespierre became increasingly concerned with counterrevolutionary threats, he instituted a brutal period of public executions known as the Reign of Terror. |
| Limited Monarchy | Also known as constitutional monarchy, a system of government in which a king or queen reigns as head of state but with power that is limited by real power lying in a legislature and an independent court system. |
| Monarchy | The form of government, common to most European countries at the time of the French Revolution, in which one king or queen, from a designated royal dynasty, holds control over policy and has the final say on all such matters. In France, the Bourbon family held the _____, with Louis XVI as king at the time of the Revolution. |
| National Assembly | The name given to the Third Estate after it separated from the Estates General in 1789. As a body, the _____ claimed to legitimately represent the French population. The _____ dissolved in 1791 so that new elections could take place under the new constitution. |
| National Convention | The body that replaced the Legislative Assembly following a successful election in 1792. As one of its first actions, the _____ declared the French monarchy abolished on September 21, 1792, and on the following day declared France a republic. Though originally dominated by moderates, the _____ became controlled by radical Jacobins in 1793. |
| Parlements | A set of thirteen provincial judicial boards—one based in Paris and the other twelve in major provincial cities—that constituted the independent judiciary of France. The _____ held the power of recording royal decrees, meaning that if a _____ refused to record an edict, the edict would never be implemented in that district. |
| Reign of Terror | A ten-month period of oppression and execution from late 1793 to mid-1794, organized by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety to suppress any potential enemies of the radical Revolution. The _____ ended with the fall of Robespierre, who was arrested and executed in July 1794. Robespierre's execution ushered in the Thermidorian Reaction of 1794-1795 and the establishment of the Directory as the head of France's executive government. |
| Sans-culottes | Urban workers and peasants, whose name—literally, "without _____," the knee-breeches that the privileged wore—signified their wish to distinguish themselves from the high classes. The mob mentality of the _____ constituted the most radical element of the Revolution. |
| Tennis Court Oath | A June 20, 1789, oath sworn by members of the Third Estate who had just formed the National Assembly and were locked out of the meeting of the Estates-General. Meeting at a nearby tennis court, these members of the Third Estate pledged to remain together until they had drafted and passed a new constitution. |
| Thermidorian Reaction | The post-Reign of Terror period ushered in by the execution of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794 and the reassertion of moderate power over the French Revolution. The _____ brought the Revolution's focus back to the first stage of moderate changes designed to benefit the business classes of French society. |
| Third Estate | One of the three estates in the Estates General, consisting of the commoners of France, whether rich merchants or poor peasants. Despite the fact that it constituted the vast majority of the French population, the _____ Estate had just one vote in the Estates General—the same vote that the much smaller _____ Estate (clergy) and _____ Estate (nobility) each had. Frustrated with its political impotence, the _____ broke from the Estates-General on June 17, 1789, and declared itself the National Assembly. |
| Tuileries | The palace in Paris in which King Louis XVI and his family were placed under house arrest after they were forcibly taken from their court at Versailles. The point of removing the royal family to Paris was to allow the people to keep a close watch on their actions. |
| Versailles | The royal palace built by King Louis XIV a few miles outside of Paris. Known for its extraordinary splendor, extravagance, and immense size, _____ was the home of the king, queen, and all members of the royal family, along with high government officials and select nobles. On October 5, 1789, a mob of angry and hungry French women marched on _____, bringing the royal family back to Paris to deal with the food shortage. |
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