Pathophysiology: Altered Immunity
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umdnjsnstudent on May 6, 2012
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Pathophysiology: A Clinical Approach (2nd Ed.); Braun, Anderson. Chapter 4
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115 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Immunity | process conferring protection against disease; includes active and passive |
| Immunology | study of the structure and function of the immune system as well as the phenomena of immunity-induced sensitivity and allergy |
| Antigen | substance that induces a state of sensitivity or an immune response |
| Lymphoid Progenitor | cellular origin of natural killer cells, T and B lymphocytes |
| Myeloid Progenitor | origin of immune system cells, including monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and mast cells |
| T Lymphocytes | type of WBC responsible for cell-mediated immunity; classified by function -- helper, cytotoxic, and suppressor |
| Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte | subset of T lymphocyte that directs destruction of the antigen or cells carrying an antigen |
| Helper T Lymphocytes | subset of T lymphocyte that enhance humoral and cell-mediated responses of the immune system |
| Suppressor T Lymphocytes | subset of T lymphocyte that inhibits humoral and cell-mediated responses |
| T-cell Receptor (TCR) | receptor on T lymphocytes that bind to antigens, promoting a characteristically rapid immune response |
| B Lymphocytes | lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells in the bone marrow; produce and secrete antibodies after contact with an antigen |
| B-cell Receptor (BCR) | receptor bound to the cell membrane of the B cell; association with antigen activated plasma cells to produce and secrete antibodies |
| Immunoglobulin (Ig) | group of structurally related proteins important in immune function; composed of a variable region promoting antigen specificity and a constant region; classifications include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE |
| Natural Killer Cells | large, granular lymphocytes; nonspecific cytotoxic cells |
| Granulocytes | phagocytic cells named for the cytoplasmic granules common to all types; polymorphonuclear leukocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| Neutrophil | granulocyte present in the greatest number; most important in the rapid response to bacterial infection; phagocytic; first responders in the inflammatory response |
| Eosinophils | granulocyte with greatest protection against parasites |
| Basophils | granulocyte that complements the actions of mast cells; important in establishing allergic reactions |
| Monocytes | large, mononuclear leukocytes representing 3% to 7% of the total number of circulating leukocytes associated with a prolonged inflammatory response |
| Macrophages | large, long-lived phagocytic leukocyte found within body tissues associated with a prolonged inflammatory response |
| Dendritic Cells | process and display of antigens to T lymphocytes; take up antigens when they are encountered in the circulation |
| Langerhans Cells | immature dendritic cells in the skin; carry surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement, important in the immune response |
| Peripheral Organs | sites for maintenance of lymphocytes; organs in which immune responses are often initiated; includes spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid mucosal tissue, such as tonsils and the appendix |
| Lymphatic System | circulates lymphocytes in lymph fluid; work in concert with the blood vessels to promote an effective immune response |
| Lymph Fluid | filtration product of extracellular fluid from tissues |
| Lymph Node | joined segment of lymphatic vessels |
| Naive Lymphocytes | lymphocytes that have not yet encountered an antigen |
| Innate Immunity | responsible for early, rapid response to pathogens without prior exposure |
| Adaptive Immunity | cell-mediated and humoral immunity; specific immune response occurring during a lifetime |
| Antigen-presenting Cells | cells that process and present antigen for recognitions by immune cells |
| Nonself | particles that are not part of the individual |
| Humoral Immunity | adaptive immunity involving antibodies |
| Antibodies | immunoglobulins that react with an antigen in a specific way; produced by activated plasma cells |
| Constant Region | structure forming the base of the Y-shaped antibody; the most stable component |
| Variable Region | structure of antibody that allows binding to specific antigens |
| Effector Cells | plasma cells that secrete antibodies |
| Memory Cells | differentiated B cells capable of responding much more rapidly when re-exposed to the same antigen; dramatically shortening and intensifying the immunologic response |
| Immunologic Memory | process by which memory cells respond much more rapidly when reexposed to the same antigen; dramatically shortens and intensifies the immunologic response |
| Clonal Selection | selection and activation of specific B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes by the binding of epitopes to B- or T-cell receptors with a corresponding fit |
| Clonal Expansion | proliferation of B and T lymphocytes activated by clonal selection to produce a clone of identical cells; enables the body to have sufficient numbers of antigen-specific lymphocytes to mount an effective immune response |
| Neutralization | making ineffective any action, process, or potential |
| Opsonization | process of rendering bacteria vulnerable to phagocytosis |
| Cell-mediated Immunity | component of adaptive immunity; cytotoxic T cell-medicated destruction of pathogen and infected cell host |
| Clusters of Differentiation | determine specific functions and responses of T-cell subtypes |
| CD8 T Lymphocytes | subtype of cytotoxic T lymphocyte that expresses the molecule CD8 on its cell surface |
| CD4 T Lymphocytes | subtype of helper T lymphocyte that expresses the molecule CD4 on its cell surface |
| TH1 | class of CD4 helper T lymphocytes; active macrophages, secrete chemokines and cytokines to attract macrophages; promote fusion of lysosomes with vesicles containing bacteria; and stimulate phagocytosis |
| TH2 | class of CD4 helper T lymphocytes; activate B cells to produce antibodies |
| Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) | major histocompatibility complex proteins in humans; HLA genes encode antigen specificity; important in transplant rejection |
| MHC class I molecule | found on nucleated body cells and is recognized by the CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
| MHC class II molecule | found on APCs and is recognized by the CD4 helper T lymphocytes (TH1 or TH2) |
| Host | individual who is exposed to and contracts an infection |
| Antigen Variation | alteration of pathogen protein particles to evade recognition and stimulation of memory in the immune system |
| Latency | a period of dormancy |
| Immunodeficiency | condition resulting from an inadequate immune defense; may be primary (directly caused by an alteration in immunity) or secondary (a consequence of another disease process) |
| Allergens | protein promoting altered reactivity responses by the immune system |
| IgE | immunoglobulin important in the development of protective immunity; bound to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes; stimulates mast cell release of histamines in allergic immune response, leading to inflammation |
| Anaphylaxis | extreme manifestation to foreign protein or other substance |
| Atopic | describes individuals having a genetic predisposition to developing hypersensitivities |
| Serum Sickness | condition manifested by local itching and rash at injection site as well as systemic symptoms of edema and fever approx. 7 days after antisera injection resulting from antigen-antibody complex disposition in blood vessels and tissue, prompting complement activation and inflammatory response |
| Arthus Reaction | area of localized tissue necrosis resulting from complex-mediated immune response in the skin |
| Direct Cell-mediated Toxicity | cell and tissue damage that occurs as a direct response to CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte destruction of cells with recognized antigens |
| Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions | reaction after allergen contact that is slow in onset and peaks after 36 to 48 hours; associated with type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction |
| Sensitization Phase | initial phase of delayed hypersensitivity reaction; stimulated by entry of antigen via the skin and presentation of antigen by Langerhans cells, stimulating immune responses |
| Elicitation Phase | second phase of delayed hypersensitivity reaction; memory cells in the dermis are stimulated after presentation with antigen by Langerhans cells, prompting activation of memory T cells and stimulation of cell-mediated responses |
| Autoimmune | immune responses directed at individual's own tissues |
| Lymphocyte Ignorance | process of converting lymphocytes from nonresponsive to self-reactive |
| Familial Tendency | propagation of a condition among family members |
| Molecular Mimicry | close resemblance between foreign antigen and self-antigen |
| Regulatory T Cells | suppress autoreactive lymphocytes and regulate the immune response; also known as suppressor T cells |
| Grafts | unattached tissues or organs used for implantation |
| Polymorphic | something that occurs in more than one form |
| Polygenic | containing several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes; interaction of several genes influenced by environmental factors |
| Autograph | grafts from different sites on the same person |
| Syngeneic | graft from genetically identical individuals (e.g., monozygotic twins) |
| Allograft | graft between unrelated individuals |
| Alloantigens | proteins that vary between individuals |
| Alloantibodies | antibodies produced against alloantigens |
| Hyperacute Graft Rejection | rapid rejection of grafts |
| Occluded | blocked |
| Blood Transfusion | most common form of tissue transplant; infusion of donor blood into recipient |
| Blood Typing | process by which the recipient's blood type is determined |
| Cross Matching | process by which antibody compatibility between donor and recipient blood is determined |
| Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) | condition in which transplanted donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the host |
| Transcription | transfer of the genetic code from one type of ribonucleic acid to another; based on the nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNS template |
| Cortisol | major glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that regulates metabolism, inflammatory/immune processes, and the stress response |
| Supraphysiologic | blood levels of substances much higher than would normally be expected |
| Vaccines | substance stimulating immunity through exposure to an antigen |
| Attenuated | weakened; reduced ability to cause disease |
| Conjugated Vaccine | antigens that promote activation of more than one cell type |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | enveloped retrovirus that infects CD4 helper T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages |
| Seroconversion | development of antibodies to a particular antigen |
| Lymphadenopathy | swelling or enlargement of the lymph nodes |
| Bronchospasm | contraction of the smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs, decreasing airway size and making it difficult to breathe |
| Urticaria | itching |
| Angioedema | sudden subcutaneous edema |
| Malar | rash over cheeks; characteristic manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
| Discoid | red, raised, round rash |
| Photosensitivity | skin sensitivity to the sun resulting in rash |
| Ulcer | circumscribed, open, craterlike lesion of the skin or mucous membrane |
| Pleuritis | inflammation of the lining of the lungs or pleural cavity |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the lining of the heart |
| Proteinuria | protein in the urine |
| Cellular Casts | compacted collection of protein, cells, and debris that are formed in kidney tubules |
| Thrombocytopenia | abnormally low number of platelets |
| Hemolytic | destruction of blood cells |
| Placenta | specialized organ sustaining the fetus, providing oxygenation, nutrition, endocrine, and excretion functions |
| Amniocentesis | insertion of a needle into the uterine cavity to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid |
| Blood Viscosity | concentration |
| Quiescence | decreased symptoms |
| IgA | concentrated in bodily secretions such as breastmilk, tears, and saliva; protection of mucous membrane lined structures |
| IgG | most common circulating antibody; produced in primary and secondary immune responses; activates complement; antibody activity against toxins, viruses, and bacteria; passive immunity in newborns via placental transfer |
| IgM | first immunoglobulin to proliferate in immune response; bound to B lymphocytes; activated complement |
| IgD | bound to and activated B cells |
| Immunoglobulin % of Total | IgA 15% IgG 75% IgM 10% IgD 0.2% IgE 0.004% |
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