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region an area on earth that has specific physical and cultural features that help identify it scale the relationship between a part of the earth compared to the whole earth space the physical distance between 2 objects, the gap or interval connections relationships between people and objects over the gap of space cartography the science of mapmaking map a model of the earth, or a specific part of the earth, that is 2-d or flat place a certain point on earth that has specific physical and cultural features to identify it projection a system used to depict areas of earth's surface to a flat map accurately land ordinance of 1785 used in the USA to divide the country into townships and ranges to sell land in the west to settlers townships a square of land 6 miles per side in the USA system principle meridian the north-south lines separating townships; numbered to name a township for identification base line the east-west line boundaries used to name townships sections 1 mile by 1 mile plots within a township geographic information system (GIS) a system on a computer that captures, stores, queries, analyzes, and displays geographic data remote sensing when a satellite circling the earth captures data on it's suface or other long-distance data-collecting global positioning system (GPS) a system that accurately deciphers the specific point of somethin on earth; commonly used on aircrafts and ships location position of something on earth's surface; used to describe features on earth toponym a name for a place on earth site physical character of a place (climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, elevation) used second to describe a place situation location of a place relative to other places meridian an arc drawn between the north and south poles parallel circles parallel to the equator drawn around the globe; meet meridians at right angles longitude a numbering system for finding earch meridian on earth's surface prime meridian 0 degrees longitude which passes through greenwich, england latitude a numbering system used to identify locations of parallels greenwich mean time (GMT) the universal time, according to an international agreement; the main reference for all time on earth international dateline mostly follows 180 degrees; cross eastward toward america=back 24 hours, cross westward to asia gain 24 hours cultural landscape combination of cultural features, economic features, and physical features of a place regional studies the contemporary cultural landscape approach, states that each region has its own distinctive landscape because of social relationships and physical processes formal region uniform or homogenous region; an area within which everyone shares in common 1 or more distinctive characteristics (language, climate) functional region nodal region; an area with an organized center point and diminshes in importance outward vernacular region perceptual region; a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity; what a person percieves about a place mental map an internal representation of a portion of earth's surface; what someone thinks of a place and where its located (vernacular region) culture the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together show the distinct tradition of a group of people cultural ecology the geographic study of human envionment relationships environmental determinism a concept concentrated on by humboldt and ritter of how the physical environment causes social developement possibilism a theory that physical environment may limit some human actions, but humans have the power to adjust to the environment resources substances useful to prople, economically and technologically east to access, and socially acceptable to use polder a piece of land created by draining water from an area globalization a force or process involving the whole world and results in making something worldwide in scope transnational corporation multinational corporation; led in globalization of economy; conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many different countries, not just headquarters or shareholders areas distribution the arrangement of a feature in space density the frequency with which something occurs in space arithmetic density total number of objects in an area, commonly used to compare the distribution of population in different countries physiological density the numbers of people per unit of area suitable for agriculture; a high rate means that the country has difficulty growing enough food for the population agricultural density the number of farmers per unit area of farmland; a high number means the country has less effeciency concentration extent of a feature's spread over space pattern geometric arrangement of objects in space space time compression to descibe the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place distance decay the fact that the farther 2 groups got from one another the less likely they are to interact, diffusion process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to anther over time hearth the place from where innovation originates relocation diffusion the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another expansion diffusion the spread of a feature from 1 place to another in a snowballing process (hierarchical, contagious, stimilus) hierarchical diffusion spread of an idea from one person or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places contagious diffusion rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout a population stimulus diffusion spread of an underlying principle even though the charcteristic itself failed to diffuse uneven development the increasing economic gap in conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from globalization of the economy demography scientific study of population characteristics overpopulation when a population of a region is more than its carrying capacity ecumene the part of earth's surface permanently occupied by human settlement crude birth rate (CBR) the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society crude death rate (CDR) the total number of death rates in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society natural increase rate (NIR) the percentage by which a population grows in a year; CDR-CBR doubling time the number of years needed to double a population; assuming a constant rate of natural increase total fertility rate (TFR) used to measure the number of births in society; the average number of children a women is predicted to have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) infant mortality rate (IMR) the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to total live births. life expectancy at birth, means the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels demographic transition changes in natural increase, ferrtility, and mortality rates vary in different countries, but are a similar process of change in a society's population agricultural revolution the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals nad no longer relied entirely on humting and gathering , causing a burst in population around 8000BC industrial revolution began in england in late eighteenth centruy and spread to europe and north america during the nineteenth century; it was a conjunction of major imporvements (steam engine, mass production, powered transportation) that changed the process of manufacturing goods and taking them to the market medical revolution in the late 20th century, medical technology invented in europe and north america diffused to LDCs in africa, asia, and latin america zero population growth (ZPG) when a country reaches stage 4 of the demographic transition, CBR declines to a point where it is equal to CDR and the NIR approaches zero, and population stays the same population pyramid a bar graph that shows a country's population by age and gender groups; usually shows percentage of total population with the youngest group on the bottom and the oldest on the top dependency ratio the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to people in their productive years sex ratio number of males per hundred females in the population census a collection of statistical data that is important to human gographers for spatial analysis epidemiological transition focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition epidimiology branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distributin, and control of diseases that affect a large group of people pandemic disease that occurs over a wide geographic aea and affects a very high portin of the population migration a specific type of relocation diffusion, a permanent move to a new location emigration migration from a location immigration migration to a location net migration difference between number of immigrants and number of emigrants mobility a gerneral term covering all types of movements from one place to another circulation short-term, repetitive, or cyclic movements that recur on a regulat basis, such as daily, monthly, or annualy push factor induces people to move out of their present location pull factor induces people to move into the new location refugees people who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution becuase of their race religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion flood plain an area of a river subject to flooding during a specific number of years based on historic trends intervening obstacle an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration international migration permanent movement from one country to another internal migration permanent movement within the same country interregional migration movement from one region of a country to another intraregional migration movement within one region voluntary migration implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement forced migration migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors migration transition consits of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition undocumented immigrants people who immigrate illegally chain migration migration of people to a specific location, because relatives or member os the same nationality previously migrated there quotas maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the US from each country during a 1 year period brain drain a large-scale emigration by talented people guest workers citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in richer countries; minimum wage jobs that are low for countrie's standars but greater for their home country (west. europe and middle east) counterurbanization net-migration from urban to rural areas habit a repetitve act that a particular individual performs custom a repetitive act of a group folk culture traditionally practiced by small, homogenous groups liing in isolated rural areas and may include certain customs popular culture found in large, heterogenous societies that share certain habits terrior contribution of a location's distictive physical features to the way food tastes taboo a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom language a system of communication through speech; a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning literary tradition system of written communication official language each country has one language or more used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects dialect a regional variation of a language distiguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation standard language the dialect in a language with many dialects that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication British received pronunciation (BRP) the particular dialect of english recognized as the standard form of british speech by most of the english speaking world isogloss work usage boundary for any word because it is not nationally used and has a boundary language family a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that eisted long before recorded history language branch a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago language group a collection of languages within a brach that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and ocabulart vulgar latin the latin people in the provinces learned but wasn't standard literacy, just a spoken form creolized language a language that results from the mixing of the colonizers language with the indigeous language of the people being dominated ideograms symbols that represent ideas or conceps not specific pronunciations extinct language once in use but no loner spoken or read in daily acitivities by anyone in the world isolated language a language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family lingua franca a language of international communication, where speakers would mix two different languages by mixing elements of 2 languages into a simple common language pidgin language a simplified form of lingua franca ebonics the distict african america dialect of english preserved by segregation in the 20the century franglais a combination of french and english spanglish a combination of spanish and english universalizing religions attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of a single culture ethnic religion religion that appeals primarly to 1 group of people in a single place branch a large and fundamental division in a religion denomination a dividion in a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body sect relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination monotheism belief that there is only one god polytheism worshipping a collection of gods animism the belief that inanimate objects or natural events have descreet spirits and conscious life missionary individuals that help transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion pagan the word for a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times ghettos a city neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited by only jews pilgrimage a journey for relligions purposes to a place considered sacred cosmogony a set of religious beliefs concering the origin of the universe solstice shortest or longest days of the year; has special significance in some relgions hierarchical religion has a well defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units diocese basic unit of geographic organization in roman catholic churches autonomous religion self sufficient religion and interaction among communities is confinced to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas fundamentalism literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion caste the class or distince heredity order to which a hindu was assigned according to religious law ethnicity identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a paticular homeland or hearth race identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor triangular slave trade adopted by a number of europeans countries during the height of the 18th centruy slave demand as an efficient trade pattern sharecropper a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops racism belief that races is the primary determinent of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiourity of a particular race racist a person who suscribes to the beliefs of racism blockbusting A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood apartheid the physical separation of idfferent races into different geographic areas nationality identify with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country self determination concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves nation state a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality nationalism loyalty and devotion to a nationality centripetal force an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state multi ethnic state a state that contains more than one ethnicity multinational state contains 2 ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities ethnic cleansing a process in which a more powerful ethnic forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region balkanized a term used to describe a small geographic area that could not be sucessfuly organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with conplex, long standing antagonisms toward each other balkanization the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts amont its ethnicities state an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs; occupies a defined territory on earth's sufrace and contains a permanent population sovereignty a state that has independence of its internal affairs by other states microstate state with a very smal land area city state a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding sountryside colony a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather thhan being completely independent colonialism an effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on such territory, sparsely inhabited land imperialism control of territory already occupied and organized by and ideginious society boundary separates a state; an invisible linge marking hte extent of a state's territory compact state a state where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary signficantly prorupted state and other wise compact state with a large projecting extensions elongated states states with a long narrow shape fragmented state a state with several peices of discontinous peices of territory perforated state a state that completely surrounds another landlocked state state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries frontier a zone whereno state excercises complete political control; provides an area of separation unitary state places most power in hands of central government officials federal state allocates strong power to units of local government within the country gerrymandering the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitign the party in power balance of power a condition of roughly equal stregnth between opposing alliances agriculture deliberate modification of earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain crop any plant cultivated by people vegetative planting reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants such as cutting stems and dividing roots seed agriculture reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization subsistence agriculture found in LDCs; production of food primarily for consumption by farmer's family commercial agriculture found in MDCs; production of food primarily for sale off the farm prime agricultural land most productive farmland agribusiness system of commercial farming found in US and other MDCs, where farm is not isolated but integrated into a large food production industry shifting cultivation a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long time slash and burn agriculture another name for shifting cultivation; wherefarmers clean the land by slashing vegetation and buring the debris swidden the cleared farm land pastoral nomadism a form of subsistence agricuture based on the herding of deomsicated animals transhumance practiced by some pastoral nmads; the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and low land pastures pasture grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals intensive subsistence agriculture a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land wet rice practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth sawah the flooded field for rice paddy another name for a flooded field double cropping where land is used more extensively by obtaining 2 harvests a year from 1 field crop rotation practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil plantation large farm the specialized in 1 or 2 crops cereal grain whear, oats, rye, barley milkshed ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling grain the seed from various grasses reaper a machine that cuts grain standing in the field ; first permited large scale wheat production combine machine that performs in one operation the 3 tasks of reaping, threshing, and cleaning ranching commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area horticulture growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers truck farming commercial gardening and fruit farming sustainable agriculture an agriculural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality ridge tillage a system of planting crops on ridge tops; a form of sustainable agricultre that protects soil desertification a process where human actions are causeing land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition green revolution the invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during hte 70s and 80s development the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology; a continuos process involving never ending actions to constantly improve health and prosperity of the people of every place more developed country (MDC) (relatively developed/ developed country) has progressed futher along the development continuum less developed country (LDC) (developing country) a county in an earlier stage of development human development index (HDI) created by UN; states that country's level of development is a function of the factors ; economic, social, and demographic gross domestic product (GDP) the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country during a year primary sector dierctly extrace materials from earth through agriculture, sometimes by minig fishing and forestry secondary sector includes manufacturers that process transform and assemble raw materials into useful products also inudstries that take manufactured goods and make them finished consumer goods tertiary sector involves provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment: retailing, banking, law, education, and government productivity the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it, measured by value added per worker value added measures productivity, the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy literacy rate the percentage of a country's people who can read and write gender related development index (GDI) compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes gender empowerment measure (GEM) compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making foreign direct investment investment made by a foreign company in the economy in other countries structural adjustment programs includes economic goals, strategies for achieving the objectives and external financing requirements fair trade products that are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in LDCs maquiladora a plant in mexico usually owned by US that make products with tax breaks it empolys many mexicans situation factors involve trasporting materials to and from a factory site factors result of the unique characteristics of a location; land labor capital bulk reducing industry economic activity where the final product weighs less than its inputs bulk gaining industry makes something gain volume or weight during production break of bulk point location where transfer among transportation modes is possible labor intensive industry where wages and other compensations to workers are a high percentage of expenses textiles woven fabrics, require less cost workers cottage industry manufacturing such as spinning that was done at home international division of labor selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs outsourcing turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers fordist mass production where factories assigned each worker one specific task to perform repeatedly post fordist production used to describe flexible production service any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it settlement a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services consumer services provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them ex. health, leisure, retail, education business services facilitates other businesses ex. professional, transportation, financial public services provides security and protection for citizens and businesses clustered rural settlements rural settlements that have changed little in purpose since ancient times; where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings dispersed rural settlements farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements enclosure movement in great britain 1750-1850; government consolidated individually owned strips of land surrounding a village into a single large farm owned by an individual central place market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area central place theory explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists; 1930s walter christaller market area (hinterland) area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted range maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service threshold minimum number of people needed to support a service gravity model predicts the optimal location of a service that is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it rank size rule ranking settlements from larges to smallest produces a regular pattern or hierarchy where the country's nth lartest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement primate city rule the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement city states independent self governing communities that included the settlement and nearby countryside basic industries export primarily to consumers outside the settlement nonbasic industries enterprises whose consumers live in the same community; usually consumer services economic base community's unique collection of basic industries urbanization process by which populations of cities grow; rural to urban movement urbanized area the central city plus its contiguous built up suburbs where population density exceeds 1000 people per sq. mile metropolitan statistical area (MSA) a way of measuring the functional area of a city; 50000 people, county, adjacent counties micropolitan statistical area smaller urban areas; 10000 - 50000 people, county, adjacent counties concentric zone model a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings; by Burgess sector model a city develops in series of sectors not rings; by Hoyt multiple nuclei model city is a complex structurer that includes more than one center around which activities revolve; by CD Harris and EL Ullman census tracts divide urban areas; contain approximately 5000 people to neighborhood boundaries squatter settlements few services, makeshift homes, no sewage, illegal, no financial means; Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants filtering process of subdivision of houses and occupying by sucessive waves of lower income people, leads to abandonement redlining when banks draw lines on a map to identify areas where they refuse to loan money; illegal urban renewal when cities identify blighted innercity neighborhoods, acquire properties from private owners, relocate residents, clean site, build new infrastructure, sell to private developers who develop it public housing for low income households who pay 30% of income for rent gentrification process by which middle class people move into deteriorated inner city neighborhoods and renovate housing underclass inner city residents who are trapped in an unending cycle of social and economic problems annexation process of legally adding land area to a city peripheral model an urban area consistes of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and businesses are tied together by a beltway or ringroad; by chauncey harris edge cities nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway density gradient urban areas decline in population as you get to the edge; the density change in urban areas suburban sprawl progressive spread of development over the landscape greenbelt rings, A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area zoning ordinances developed in europe and North america early 20th century; encouraged spatial seperation; They also prevented mixing of land uses within the same district. rush hour 4 consecutive 15 minute periods that have the heaviest traffic council of government cooperative agencies with representatives of the various local governments in the region smart growth legislation and regulation to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland resource a substance in the environemnt that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, ad socially acceptable to use animate power power supplied by animals, Power supplied by people or animals. inanimate power power from machines biomass fuel wood, plant material, animal dung, historically most important fuel fossil fuel residue of plants and animals that were buried years ago; now fuel renewable energy energy replaced continually, essentially unlimited, not depleted by humans nonrenewable energy energy that forms slowly, can't be renewed easily proven reserve amount of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered and accurately measured potential reserve energy in deposits that are undiscovered but thought to exist fission a process that produces energy from nuclear plants by splitting uranium atoms in a controlled environment radioactive waste product of nuclear reactions; certain types are lethal to people exposed to it breedor reactor turns uranium into a renewable resource by generating plutonirum ferrous refers to iron ore and other alloys used in the production of steel and iron non ferrous metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel pollution more waste added than resource can accomodate air pollution concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air greenhouse effect anticipated increase on earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface ozone a layer in the stratosphere that absorbs UV rays chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) threatens ozone layer; used in coolants, leaks from appliances breaks down acid deposition tiny drops of sulfric acid and nitric acid that form in the atmosphere and return to earth's surface acid precipitation acids desolved in water and relased as precipitation photochemical smog hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight; causes respiratory problems, city haze, eye stinging biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) oxygen consumed by decomposing organic waste in water, fish die sanitary fill most common way for disposal of solid waste hydroelectric power generates power from moving water geothermal energy energy from hot water or steam fusion fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helum passive solar energy systems captures solar energy without special devices; uses like windows and black clothing active solar energy systems collects solar energy and converts it to heat and electricity photovoltaic cells direct electric conversion; solar radiation is captured, converts light energy into electrical energy, Cells, usually made of specially-treated silicon recycling separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted materials conservation sustainable use and management of natural resources like wildlife, air, and earth deposits to meet human needs preservation maintenance of resources in their present condition with little human impact sustainable development development htat meets the needs of the present without compromising the ablility of future generations to meet their own needs biodiversity refers to variety of species on earth as a whole or in a specific place absolute location position of an object on the global grid; latitude and longitude anglocentric focused on english culture azimuthal map map that maintains direction but distorts other properties cartogram map that uses proportionality (space) to show a particular variable; makes land sizes bigger smaller to prove a point choropleth thematic map map that shows a pattern of a variable by using vaious colors or degrees of shading conformal projection (orthomorphic) map that maintains shape but distorts other properties dot density map thematic map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a given area equal area projection (equivalent) map that maintains area but distorts other properties equidistant projection map that maintains distance but distorts other properties isoline thematic map map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; ex. elevation mercator projection map that shows correct shapes but distorts size gall peters projection map shows the relative size (equal area) distorts shape proportional symbol thematic map map that uses some symbol to display the frequency of a variable. larger the symbol higher the frequency of the variable reference map map showing common features like boundaries, roads, highways, mountains, and cities relative location location of a place or object descreibed in relation to places or objects around it robinson projection map showing the world with slight distortions to all 4 properties spatial interaction process in which goods, ideas, information, and people move among places thematic map map that zeroes in on one feature such as climate, city, or size antinatalist population policy restrictive policy that discourages people from having babies carrying capacity maximum number of people a region can reasonable sustain demographic momentum (hidden) a population that grows in size even after reaching aero-population growth because youth base is so wide epicenter center or most affected region of an outbreak or disaster eugenic population policy policy that encourages some groups of people to haave babies and discriminates against other groups general fertility rate (GFR) number of births per 1000 women in the fecund range over a year first agricultural revolution occured 10,000-12,000 years ago when humans first developed the ability to remain in a settlement and domesticate crops and animals fertility reproductive behavior in a population leading to births guest worker migrant who is temporarily permitted to stay in a country only to work infrastructure includes communiation, transportation, and other such maintenance structures entrepot a import and export trading center; usually used in navyf intervening obstacle a barrier encountered on a journey that prevents or interferes with gettin to the planned, final destination intervening opportunity a new opportunity that arises along a journey that is more attractive to the person making the journey and dimishes the attractiveness of the final destination mortality death-related activity in a population pronatalist population policy expansive policy that encourages more live births remittance sum of money sent by a migrant to his or her family back home spatial interaction exchange of ideas, peole, money, and products among vaious places step migration long migration that occurs as a journey of smaller steps from one place to another until the destination is reached underpopulation when a population size is below its carrying capacity and cannot sustain the economic development acculturation when a less-dominant culture comes into contact with and adopts traits from a more dominant culture assimilation final completion of the cultural accuturaltin process, when a culture group loses all its origional traits and becomes fully a part of different domination culture cultural convergence occurs when one culture adopts a cultural attribute of another cultural diffusion process by which a cultural element spreads from its hearth across space and time cultural homogeneity occurs when cultures become the same or uniform and local diversity is decreased cultural landscape (built envionment) tangivle result of a human group's interaction with its environment culture complex unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group culture realm cluster of culture regions in which common culture systems are found culture regions area in which a culture system is found or is prevalent culture system collection of culture complexes that shape a group's common identity culture trait single peice of a culture's traditions and practices diaspora scattering of any ethnic group independent innovation invention of the same phenomenon by two cultre hearths without each knowing about hte other's invention or existence interfaith boundary boundary that divides space between two or more religions intrafaith boundary boundary that divides space among different groups within a particular religion language divergence when new languages or dialects grow from one original source because of the migration of original speakers to new lands or contact with new languages language replacement when invaders relace with thir own language the language of the people whom they conquer longevity gap difference between life expectancies of men and women maladaptive diffusion adoption of a diffusing trait that is impractical for a region of culture migrant diffusion diffusion of a phenomenon by relocation but where the trait onl stays in the hearth for a small amount of time monolingual state country where only one language is spoken multilingual state country where more than one language is spoken syncretic religion religion blending elements from various religions theocracy government run by a religion transculturation equal exchange of cultural traits between 2 cultures; a form of cultural convergence allocational boundary dispute conflict over resources that may not be divided by the border; like underground oil antecedent boundary boundary that exicted before human cultures grew into current form buffer state independent country that exists between 2 larger counries that are conflicting definitional boundary dispute conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract definition phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated delimitation phase in which the boundary is drawn on a map demarcation phase in which boundary is visible marked on the landscape exclusive economic zone according to UNCLOS, a 200 nautical mile area extending along a state's couast to which that state has ecnomic rights forward capital capital city built by state to achieve a national goal irredentism movement to reunite a nation's homeland when part of it extends into another stte's borders locational boundary dispute conflict over the location of place of a boundary mercantilism economic system in which colonies are obtained to supply the colonizer with raw materials to ship back home and use in making products for the population in the mother country relict boundary boundary that no longer functions as a boundary but only as a reminder of a line that once divided space satellite state country controlled by a mroe powerful state stateless nation nation without a territory to call its own subsequent boundary boundary that grows after significant settlement as occured, rather than existing before the growth of human cultures superimposed boundary boundary forcibly put on a landscape by outsiders supranationalism growing trend of 3 or more countries froming an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons capital intensive farm farm that makes heaby use of machinery in the farming process extensive subsistence farming using a large amount of land to farm food for the farmer's family to eat intertillage practice of mixing many different types of seeds on the same plot of land labor intensive farm farm that uses much human labor sustainable yield rate of crop production that can be maintained over time undernutrition case of not getting enough calories or nutrients agglomeration clumping together of industries for mutual advantage asian tigers group of new industrial countries comprising taiwan, south korea, hong kong, and singapore commodification giving a price tag or value to something that was not previously perceived as having a money-related value comparative advantage ability of a country to produce a good or offer a service better than another country can conglomerate corporation massive comporation operating a collection of smaller companies that provide it with specificservices in its production process deglomeration unclumping of industries because of the negative effects and higher costs associated with overcrowding economy system of production, consumption, and distribution export processing zone region of a LDC that offers tax breaks and loosened labor restrictions to attract export-driven production processes free trade concept of allowing multinational corp. to outsource without any regulation except for the basic forces of market capitalism high-tech corridor (technopole) place where technology and computer industries agglomerate informal sector network of business transactions that are not repoted and therefore not included in the countr'ys GDP liberal development theories theories that claim development is a process through which all countries can move locational interdependence theory that industries choose locations based on where their competitors are located market orientation result of locating weight gaining industries near the marketplace for the heavier product material orientation result of location weight losing industries near the supply of raw resources privatization selling of publicly operated industries to market driven coporations purchasing power parity (PPP) measurement tool of calculating exchange rates so that each currency buys and equal amount of goods as every other currency primary sector economic activities that revolve around getting raw materials from earth secondary sector economic activites related to processing raw materials into a finished product tertiary sector economic activities that move, sell, and trade the products made in primary and secondary actvities quarternary sector economic activites that include assembling, distributing, and processing info, and managing other businesses quinary sector economic activities that involve government self sufficiency approach approach to improving economic development by building a country's independecs from foreign economies and fosrering its ability to provide for its own people spatially fixed costs costs that remain the same no matter where a business chooses to locate special economic zone region offering special tax breaks, eased environmentrestrictions, and oter incentives to attract foreign business and investment structural adjustments stipulations that require the country receiving an international loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan structuralist theories argue that LDCs are locked into a vicious cycle of entrenched underdevelopment by the global economic structure that supports unezual structure substitution principle asserts that an industry will choose to move to access lower labor costs despite higher transportation costs sustainable development balance between the pace of human development the environment that supports that devlopment cumulative causation contributing factor to uneven development; occurs when money flows to areas of greates t profit rather then to places of great need exurb area of growth outside the central city and surroundin suburbs; more rural megacity city that has a high degree of centrality and primacy; not a world city though megalopolis massive urban blob of overlapping integrating metropolitan areas whose distinctive boundaries are increasingly becoming difficult to find office park zone of urban land exclusively set aside for corporate offices panregional influence influence that extends beyond the city's own region into the other centers of economic control planned community master planned neighborhood with a preformulated architectural designs, built in community gathering spots, and restrictive covenants postindustrial city city whose economy is shifting to the dominance of the service-sector shock city urban place experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization bid rent curve graph showing the predicted decline in cost of land and population density as yuo move away from the central business district festival setting area within an urban place built for community gatherings, such as a park or waterfront industrial city a city that grew during the industrial revolution; it's primary function was to make and distribute manufactured products succession migration pattern of inflow of new migrants to the CBD in the concentric zone model and the related pushing of existing inhabitants outward to rings outside the center multiplier effect increased economic success and energy created by the addition of new basic sector jobs megacity city that has a high degree of centrality and primacy; not a world city but has high levels of influence and power of economy; over 10 milion inhabitants peak land value intersection point of land with maximum accessibility and visibility in the city; usually the center of te CBD in concentric zone model postindustrial city city whose economy and urban organization are conforming to the dominance of service sector, nonindustrial economic functions postmodernism postindustrial school of architecture and urban design preindustrial city city that existed before the industrial revolution that served as a trade center and gateway to foreign lands and markets racial steering illegal tactic where real estate agents would show people neighborhoods and houses according to their race spatial competition the assumption in the central place theory that implies that central places compete with eact other for customers suburbinization growth of lower density housing, industry and commercial zones outside the CBD urban hierarchy system of cities consisting of various levels with few cities at the top level and increasingly more settlements on each lower level; position of a city on the hierarchy is determined by diversity and level of central place functions provided world city powerful city that controls a disproportionately high level of the world's economic, political, and cultural activities; has a high degree of centrality in global urban system zone in transition ring of land usually just around the central business district that is constantly in flux and run down because of successive waves of immigration that never allow it to develop a permanent population base and attract development gateway city city with major transportation hub; airport or seaport that serves as an entry point to a country by being the primary arrival and departure point ancillary activity a business or non trade activity that isn't associated with the core activities of the firm; professional services like consulting and janitorial services attracted to the agglomeration of big industries commodification giving a price tag or value to something that was not previously perceived as having money-related value; person during industrial revolution dependency theory theory that exemplifies the structuralist perspective, argueing that the political and economic relations among countries limit the ability of less developed countries to modernize and develop export processing zone region of a less developed country that offers tax breaks and loosened labor restrictions to attract export driven production processes; also known as free trade zone footloose industry industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants fordist method manufacturing process broken down into differentiated components, with different groups of people performing different tasks to complete the product informal sector network of business transactions that are not reported and therefore not included in the country's GDP and official economic projections ex. drugs, street vendors, babysitting benelux economic alliance, precursor to european union, included belgium, netherlands, luxembourg, italy, france, and germany centripetal force force that unifies a state's people and regions centrifugal force force that divides a state's people and regions confederate government government with weak central government and regional governments holding most of the power dependency theory theory that former colonies of africa, asia, and latin america have not been able to heal from imperial domination and are still dependent on former european colonies devolution process of transferring some power from the central government to regional governments domino theory theory that democratic allies should protect lands from falling to the communists because they lead to more and more resulting in communist domination; led to vietnam war ethnonationalism powerful emotional attachment people have for their nation when it is a minority within a state making them feel as if they are different from te rest of the state's people enclave state of part of a state surrounded completely by another state exclave enclave that s a territorial political extension of another state; separated from the state by water or other state frontier region where boundaries are very thinly or weakly developed; zone where territoriality is not well established and is unclear geometric boundary straight line political boundary separating territories that do not relate to cultural or physical features geopolitics branch of political geography that analyzes how states behave as political and territorial systems heartland theory mackinder's theory; geopolitical thory that eurasia was the world island and the key to dominating the world; ruling this would require controlling eastern europe; said that it has the resources and farming to live independently of rest of world nation group of people who share a common culture and identify as a cohesive group organic theory by ratzel; states are like living organisms that hunger for land and want to grow larger by getting more land political geography study of human political organization of the earth at various geographic levels rimland theory spykman's theory; the rimland was eurasia's periphery; the sea or ocean area; control of this region leads to world power shatterbelt state or group of states that exists within a sphere of competitionbetween larger states supranationalism growing trend of 3 or more countries froming an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons territorial morphology relationship between a state's geographic shape, size, relative location, and political situation world systems analysis viewpoint that the situation in one country is derectly linked to that country's role in the greater capitalistic system divided into core, peripheral, and semiperipheral states confucianism east asian religion stressing morals for all aspects of life cultural diffusion process by which a cultural element spreads from its hearth across space and time ex. expansion and relocation cultural geography field of human geography that analyzes how and why culture is expressed in different ways in different places cultural imperialism invasion of a culture into another with the intent of domination the invaded culture politically, economically, and socially ethnocenterism using one's own cultural identity as the superior standard by which to judge others genocide killing of one racial group or ethnic group by another secularism movement away from control of live by a religion shamanism any ethnic religion in which a community follows its shaman or religions leader shintoism syncretic faith blending buddhism with local practices in japan daoism east asian religion stressing balancing the forces of humanity and nature; accepting the magical and mystical administrative region has a defined impermeable boundary cognitive region has vague boundaries becuase its perception reverse hierarchical diffusion diffusion from places of small pwer to increasingly large power cleavage model a model developed to explain electoral patterns in the united states multiplier leakage were one successful industry or a cluster acts as a magnet for further development and industry, more and more jobs quantitative revolution when geographers tried to apply new science theories to social sciences adding theories, models, hypothesis, laws, and eventually high technoloby anthropogenic of or relating to the study of the origins and development of human beings; human induced changes on the physical environment geographic scale conceptual hierarchy of spaces; scale of analysis like neighborhood, city, state, nation nonmethetic approach of geography approach to geography that finds theories, rules and laws that can be usd systematically and universally ideographic approach of geography approach to geography that seeks to find the unique characteristics of a place fuller projection projection that most accurately preserves area and shape resolution a map's smallest descernable unit topological space the level of connectivity between places even though distance is there backwaters where brain drain has occured; exist when economic development is concentrated in one area least cost theory theory by weber; states that location of industry based on transportation ability; weight of products affects transportation and location cultural determinism the environment places no restrictions on humans whatsoever, we only place restrictions on our selves; humans create everything from cultural perspective