HDFS 220
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73 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Violence takes many forms | -war & conflicts -oppression & discrimination -human rights abuses |
| Currently how many armed conflicts are going on around the world? | 40 |
| How many of the current wars are in developing/low-income nations? | about 90 % -many are in formal colonial countries |
| What and when was the Berlin conference? | in 1884, 14 countries met to divide Africa. These countries started tension among the Africans |
| Colonial Rule is characterized by: | 1) oppressive systems (created entrenched structures of inequality--"divide & conquer") 2) rapid transition to independence-under mined nation building 3) progress difficult due to historical timing-"the legacies of colonialism die slowly" still experiencing the effects of colonialism today |
| How does Death & Injury affect families? | -combat and civilian deaths -military families -family formation (eg: marriage squeezes/ surplus of women) |
| Sexual violence | -WWII: around 200K (Korean) women used as sex slaves for Japanese military |
| military sexual slavery | rape as a weapon of war--used to terrorize and humiliate |
| Child Soldiers | Involvement of children as combatants, support, etc |
| Diversity of experiences (child soldiers) | -age at recruitment (majority are teens). -forced v. non-forced: some are abducted, while some join voluntarily -combatant v. non-combatant -gender experiences: girls may be given to soldiers as wives -mental health impacts-not a lot of research |
| Arguments favoring ban on child soldiers | -children are physically vulnerable and easily intimidated -may not have cognitive capacity to understand/ resist carrying out orders -"volunteers" may be choosing between limited options |
| Family Displacement | -more than 42 million people displaced by conflict or persecution -15.4 mil refugees (crossed natural borders due to fear of persecution) -27.5 internationally places |
| Refugees: who & where are they? | -most refugees are from S & W. Asia & Sub-Saharan Africa -Afghans & Iraqis are the largest population under UN responsibility -4/5 of refugees are hosted by developing countries |
| Refugees often experience: | -physical threats (lack of food, water) -interruption of education (lack access, stigma, poverty) -Psychological threats due to potentially traumatic events (detention, torture, disappearance of relative/friends) |
| Psychological impacts of war: Child's Perspectives | Darfur massacre video-- "smallest witness" Kids drew very graphic images of what they've witnessed |
| War threatens all families | not just those directly involved |
| Conflict affects physical health | -destruction of health infrastructure -decreases availability of trained health workers -interferes with health investment |
| Conflict affects societal institutions | -schools -police |
| Armed conflict may offer opportunities | -participation in liberation struggles and post-war reconstruction may give women new power -breaks gender stereotypes (Prez of Liberia-Ellen Johnson) -some children see war as good experience |
| Human trafficking | recruitment and transportation of a person for the purpose of exploitation -force, coerce, or deception -exploitation takes many forms (forced labor, military service, sex, etc) |
| Who is trafficked and why | -from poor countries -80% exploited for sex -women/girls *patriarchy/ gender inequality |
| Scope of Human trafficking | -global statistics are unreliable -approx. 2 mil people are trafficked around the world each year -about 70% are sex traffickers |
| Human trafficking in the US | -US Dept of Justice report April 2011 In 2008-2010; -2515 federally funded investigations opened -82% sex trafficked; 11% labor |
| Sex trafficking | -a global industry that generates huge -takes various forms; exotic dancing, porn, kept as slaves, etc. when person is trafficked for sex exploitation |
| Perpetrators of Sex Trafficking | -larger hierarchy groups involved in multiple types of crime (drug, weapons, smuggling, etc) vs. smaller, exclusive groups who "specialize" in human trafficking |
| Victims of Sex Trafficking | young women/ girls from poor countries with limited life options |
| Fighting Human Trafficking | -Student groups (daily Illini) -United Nations- Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings (GPAT) 1999 -Convention Against Transnational Oranized Crime (2000) |
| Consent | smuggling involves consent, trafficking victims were trafficked |
| Exploitation | trafficking involves ongoing exploitation. Smuggling stops when they arrive |
| Trans-nationality | trafficking can occur within boundaries, smuggling is usually across boundaries |
| "3-Pronged Strategy" | 1) prevention of trafficking: educating, cutting down both supply and demand sides 2) prosecuting traffickers: laws need to be better enforced 3) protection of victims: care for them, rather than treating them like criminals |
| Colonization | process whereby 1 nation (or group of) oppresses and exploits another nation -colonial systems are set up to benefit colonizers |
| Colonization ended abruptly | caused chaos--rulers didn't set up internal structure in case they left |
| Many countries became independent (after colonization) | -after western countries became industrialized, making it harder for developing countries to also be industrialized |
| Has decolonization resulted in economic, political & social liberation for former colonies? | NO. disrupted women's roles in countries colonization already took women's status away. Decolonization make it worse |
| Did US partake in Berlin Conference? | No, but was there when they were partitioning Africa, and was okay with it |
| Impact of war on families | -rape as systematic part of war (like a weapon) -military sexual slavery (comfort women) -Korean by Japanese soldiers --took women for sex (60 years), child trauma, marital instability |
| Heterogamous marriage | Someone goes to war and marries person from other country |
| Marriage squeeze | Removal of men from pool of eligibles "surplus women" |
| Displacement | -more than 42 mil displaced by conflict/persecution -16 mil refugees -most refugees are from Southern Asia |
| Human trafficking | Most likely to be from: -N. American. Western Europe, or Oceania -Africa (esp. W, Africa), commonwealth of Independent states (CIS), Latin America & Caribbean, or East and central Europe |
| T/F: Most countries that experience large amount of human trafficking admit they have a problem | FALSE: more than 1/2 of the countries never charge people |
| T/F: Most people are trafficked within the continent where they originated | TRUE: Intra-regional and domestic trafficking are the major forms |
| T/F: The number of countries seriously implementing UN protocol are all on board | FALSE: Many countries lack resources and the will to implement it. this number increased more than 50% in 2003 (35-80%) |
| T/F: Males don't receive majority of human trafficking convictions in all countries. | TRUE. Most countries, but not all |
| T/F: We don't know much about the purchasers of the trafficked | TRUE. Could be anyone & who would admit to it |
| How does gender equality promote family well-being? | When women are given tools to improve their life, they produce healthier kids and live healthier lives |
| Gender discrimination--Prenatal period & infancy | -sex selection (ex: selective abortion) -infanticide/ neglect of daughter (malnutrition more common w/girls) |
| Sex selection's long term effects on the family | -reflects traditional preferences for sons (v. daughters) -over 100 mil. "missing girls" world wide -have long term affects on family formations (marriage squeeze) |
| Gender discrimination-Childhood & Adolescence | -educational disparities -Child marriage -female genital mutilation -sexual health & STI's -Sexual abuse & exploitation |
| Child marriage | leads to premature child bearing -1/3 of women around the world are married before the age of 18 |
| Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) | -cutting of female genitals -approx. 30 countries are the world still practice this -done so women don't feel pleasure |
| Gender discrimination-Adulthood | -maternal mortality: still happens, even though its preventable -poverty in old age |
| Targeting Inequality | -2007 SOWC 3 Key areas linked to family well-being 1) household decision making 2) work experiences 3) political sphere: Nordic countries have highest representation of females (Scandinavia, Norway, Sweden) |
| Inequality at home | -In 20/30 developing countries, less than 50% of women participated in household decisions -"bargaining & cooperation": women bargain rather than fair decision-mamking -women's pwer linked to specific factors |
| Inequality at work | -men are more likely to engage in unpaid household labor. -US women average 10.8/weeks more than men on unpaid household work -women who work outside the home earn less and worm more hours than men -property and inheritance laws favor men, resulting in disparities |
| Inequality in Politics (in developing economies) | -women make up less than 20% of national parliaments worldwide -female politicians change political environment -discriminatory attitudes persist |
| Empowering Families (IMIFAP) | -Susan Pick: Founder & CEO -promoting agency & life skills (teens) -deals with ENTIRE social situation to help promote safe sex |
| Fighting Child Marriage in Yemen | Nujood ran from 30 yr old husband who raped/beat her -found court house & got a divorce -25% in yemen are married before 15 -Yemen has higher rates of maternal death (TEEN moms) |
| According to UNICEF | women who are empowered: -more likely to share in house-hold decision making -provide better health for kids Targeting Inequalities |
| UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)- 1948 | viewed as a foundation of modern international human rights law -30 articles-basic human rights |
| UDHR Article 1 | "all human beings are born free & equal in dignity and rights" |
| UDHR Article 3 | "everyone has the right to life liberty & security of person" |
| UDHR & Family Rights | -Article 16.2: "marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of intended spouses". -Article 25.2: "all children, whether born out of or in wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection" |
| UN Convention on the Rights of the Child | views children as human beings inherent to grow to their own potential "most widely and rapidly ratified human rights treaty in history" The US & Somalia haven't ratified this treaty yet |
| 4 core principles | 1) non-discrimination 2) best interest of the child 3) right to life, survival, and development 4) respect for their views |
| Bhutan | 'Least urbanized country" Rely on agriculture |
| Gross National Happiness | -most significantly informed by: Religion (Buddhism) -People-centered developed philosophy -4 pillars |
| Four Pillars (GNH) | 1) good governance 2) balanced economic development 3) environmental preservation 4) preserving |
| GNH v. GDP | -economic measures do not "adequately reflect the happiness and well-being of a people in a country" -UN Resolution 65/309 (July 2011) -happiness: towards a holistic approach to development |
| Modernizing v. Westernizing | you can become more modern without adopting western cultures |
| Bhutan's Development Philosophy | People-centered dev. Philosophy -culture maintenance -environmental presentation -good governance |
| Countries in Berlin Conference | Belgium, British, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish |
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