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Mozarabs Spanish Christians who learned Arabic, veliled their women, stopped eating pork, appreciated Arabic music and poetry, and sometimes married Muslims. Timbuktu a West-African city that had over 150 Quranic schools Hadiths traditions about the sayings or actions of Muhammad Ulama educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in several fields of Islamic studies, especially sharia law Sufis muslims who sought a direct and personal experience with the divine Umma "the community of all believers" hijra Muhammad's journey to Mecca Ibn Battuta a Muslim explorer who was very offended by the behavior of the West-African women upon his visit Madrassas formal Islamic colleges jihad the duty of Muslims imams religious leaders of the Shia sect of Islam jizya the tax that the dhimmis paid Bedouins nomadic Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula Umayyad Caliphate the second caliph under the Umayyad empire hajj the journey to Mecca that all muslims are required to make provided they are financially secure Abbassid Caliphate the third caliph under the Abbassid empire Mecca the Jerusalem of the Islamic faith Mutazalites Islamic thinkers who argued that reason rather than revelation was the surest way to truth shaykhs Sufi teachers who drew in disciples who wanted to know their secrets to union with Allah sharia the Islamic law based on the original teachings of Muhammad Rumi Islamic poet Ibn Sina as Arab physician that diagnosed many diseases Rightly Guided Caliphs Muhammad's successors Sikhism a religion which blended Hinduism and Islam Kaaba the relgious shrine of pre-muslim and Muslim faith dhimmis "people of the book" or protected subjects